49 research outputs found
Applying SNP marker technology in the cacao breeding programme in Ghana
In this investigation 45 parental cacao plants and five progeny derived
from the parental stock studied were genotyped using six SNP markers to
determine off-types or mislabeled clones and to authenticate crosses
made in the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) breeding
programme. Investigation was based on the 5\u2019 nuclease SNPassay
using Illustra Hot Start mix Ready-To-Go PCR strips and BioTek
FLx800TBP Fluorescence Microplate Reader. In a group of six cacao
plants labeled as PA150 clones and another five labeled as Pound7, one
clone in each group was unambiguously determined as off-type or
mislabeled. Similarly, in a cohort of 23 PA7 "clones", four genotypes
were differentiated. Cross-checking the fidelity of five progeny from
the parental stock under study, it was established that no errors were
made in the crossing. The most significant outcome of this study,
however, was that out of the four categories of 23 PA7 candidate
parental trees only one category can be comparable to the reference
clone in the International Cacao Germplasm collection, Trinidad
(ICG,T); thus informing the need for further work to find the correct
clone among these for the breeding programme. It was thus concluded
that thissimple yet cutting-edge genotyping procedure can be used in
applied cocoa breeding programmes in a cocoa producing country. This
work represents a first step in the genotypic characterisation of the
CRIG germplasm collection and Seed Gardens.Au cours de cette recherche, 45 plants de cacao parentaux et 5
descendants d\ue9rivant du stock parental ont \ue9t\ue9
g\ue9notyp\ue9 en utilisant 6 marqueurs SNP, afin de
d\ue9terminer les clones mal \ue9tiquet\ue9s et
d\u2019authentifier les croisements effectu\ue9s dans le programme
d\u2019am\ue9lioration de l\u2019Institut de Recherche sur le Cacao
au Ghana (CRIG). Cette \ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9 bas\ue9e sur les 5'
nucl\ue9ases SNP en utilisant des bandes PCR "Hot Start mix
Ready-To-Go PCR strips" et un Lecteur Microplat \ue0 Fluorescence
"BioTek FLx800TBP". Au sein d\u2019un groupe de six plants de cacao
\ue9tiquet\ue9 PA150 et d\u2019un autre groupe de cinq
\ue9tiquet\ue9 Pound 7, il a \ue9t\ue9 d\ue9termin\ue9 sans
ambigu\ueft\ue9 qu\u2019un clone par groupe \ue9tait mal
\ue9tiquet\ue9. De fa\ue7on similaire, quatre g\ue9notypes
diff\ue9rents ont \ue9t\ue9 identifi\ue9s dans une m\ueame
cohorte de clones 23PA7. En v\ue9rifiant la fid\ue9lit\ue9 de
cinq descendants issus du stock parental \ue9tudi\ue9, il a
\ue9t\ue9 \ue9tabli qu\u2019aucune erreur n\u2019avait
\ue9t\ue9 faite lors du croisement. Le r\ue9sultat le plus
significatif de cette \ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9 que, sur quatre
cat\ue9gories de 23 candidats PA7 de souches parentales, une seule
pouvait \ueatre comparable au clone de r\ue9f\ue9rence dans la
collection Internationale du Germoplasme de Cacao, Trinidad (ICG,T),
d\ue9montrant ainsi la n\ue9cessit\ue9 de travaux
suppl\ue9mentaires pour d\ue9terminer le clone exact parmi ceux
\ue9voqu\ue9s pr\ue9c\ue9demment. Il a ainsi \ue9t\ue9
conclu que cette m\ue9thode avant-gardiste de g\ue9notypage,
pourtantsimple, peut \ueatre utilis\ue9e dans les programmes
appliqu\ue9s d\u2019am\ue9lioration du cacao dans un pays
producteur. Ce travail repr\ue9sente une premi\ue8re \ue9tape
dans la caract\ue9risation g\ue9n\ue9tique de la collection du
germoplasme CRIG et jardins semenciers
Applying SNP marker technology in the cacao breeding programme in Ghana
In this investigation 45 parental cacao plants and five progeny derived
from the parental stock studied were genotyped using six SNP markers to
determine off-types or mislabeled clones and to authenticate crosses
made in the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) breeding
programme. Investigation was based on the 5’ nuclease SNPassay
using Illustra Hot Start mix Ready-To-Go PCR strips and BioTek
FLx800TBP Fluorescence Microplate Reader. In a group of six cacao
plants labeled as PA150 clones and another five labeled as Pound7, one
clone in each group was unambiguously determined as off-type or
mislabeled. Similarly, in a cohort of 23 PA7 "clones", four genotypes
were differentiated. Cross-checking the fidelity of five progeny from
the parental stock under study, it was established that no errors were
made in the crossing. The most significant outcome of this study,
however, was that out of the four categories of 23 PA7 candidate
parental trees only one category can be comparable to the reference
clone in the International Cacao Germplasm collection, Trinidad
(ICG,T); thus informing the need for further work to find the correct
clone among these for the breeding programme. It was thus concluded
that thissimple yet cutting-edge genotyping procedure can be used in
applied cocoa breeding programmes in a cocoa producing country. This
work represents a first step in the genotypic characterisation of the
CRIG germplasm collection and Seed Gardens.Au cours de cette recherche, 45 plants de cacao parentaux et 5
descendants dérivant du stock parental ont été
génotypé en utilisant 6 marqueurs SNP, afin de
déterminer les clones mal étiquetés et
d’authentifier les croisements effectués dans le programme
d’amélioration de l’Institut de Recherche sur le Cacao
au Ghana (CRIG). Cette étude a été basée sur les 5'
nucléases SNP en utilisant des bandes PCR "Hot Start mix
Ready-To-Go PCR strips" et un Lecteur Microplat à Fluorescence
"BioTek FLx800TBP". Au sein d’un groupe de six plants de cacao
étiqueté PA150 et d’un autre groupe de cinq
étiqueté Pound 7, il a été déterminé sans
ambiguïté qu’un clone par groupe était mal
étiqueté. De façon similaire, quatre génotypes
différents ont été identifiés dans une même
cohorte de clones 23PA7. En vérifiant la fidélité de
cinq descendants issus du stock parental étudié, il a
été établi qu’aucune erreur n’avait
été faite lors du croisement. Le résultat le plus
significatif de cette étude a été que, sur quatre
catégories de 23 candidats PA7 de souches parentales, une seule
pouvait être comparable au clone de référence dans la
collection Internationale du Germoplasme de Cacao, Trinidad (ICG,T),
démontrant ainsi la nécessité de travaux
supplémentaires pour déterminer le clone exact parmi ceux
évoqués précédemment. Il a ainsi été
conclu que cette méthode avant-gardiste de génotypage,
pourtantsimple, peut être utilisée dans les programmes
appliqués d’amélioration du cacao dans un pays
producteur. Ce travail représente une première étape
dans la caractérisation génétique de la collection du
germoplasme CRIG et jardins semenciers
Rethinking maps
In this paper we argue that cartography is profitably conceived as a processual, rather
than representational, science. Building on recent analysis concerning the
philosophical underpinnings of cartography we question the ontological security of
maps, contending that it is productive to rethink cartography as ontogenetic in nature;
that is maps emerge through practices and have no secure ontological status. Drawing
on the concepts of transduction and technicity we contend that maps are of-themoment,
brought into being through practices (embodied, social, technical); that
mapping is a process of constant re-territorialization. Maps are never fully formed
and their work is never complete. Maps are transitory and fleeting, being contingent,
relational and context-dependent; they are always mappings; spatial practices enacted
to solve relational problems (e.g., how best to create a spatial representation, how to
understand a spatial distribution, how to get between A and B, and so on). Such a rethinking,
we contend, provides a fresh perspective on cartographic epistemology, and
could work to provide a common framework for those who undertake mapping as
applied knowledge (asking technical questions) and those that seek to critique such
mapping as a form of power/knowledge (asking ideological questions). We illustrate
our argument through an analysis of mapping practices
Explorations in player motivations: Virtual agents
10.1007/978-3-642-15399-0_26Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)6243 LNCS262-26