Fractal Nanotechnology

Self-similar patterns are frequently observed in Nature. Their reproduction is possible on a length scale 102–105 nm with lithographic methods, but seems impossible on the nanometer length scale. It is shown that this goal may be achieved via a multiplicative variant of the multi-spacer patterning technology, in this way permitting the controlled preparation of fractal surfaces

Micro-fresnel structures for microscopy of laser generated bright x-ray sources

A brief parametric survey of the x-ray characteristics of a gold micro-disk irradiated at 3 x 10/sup 14/ watt/cm/sup 2/ by a 1 nsec Nd-glass laser pulse has been provided as an example of a laser generated bright x-ray source. It was shown that a simple phenomenological model of the laser generated x-ray source as a microscopic equilibrium plasma radiating as a blackbody for a finite time determined by its hydrodynamic disassembly and radiation losses, serves to provide an adequate approximation to the x-ray characteristics of such sources. The current state of x-ray microscopy within the LLL laser fusion program was briefly reviewed. Kirpatrick--Baez grazing incidence reflection x-ray microscopes are being used to provide 3 to 5 ..mu..m resolution, broadband images (..delta..E/E approx. 0.3) over a spectral range from .6 keV to 3.5 keV. Zone Plate Coded Imaging is used to provide 5 to 10 ..mu..m resolution, broadband (..delta..E/E approx. 0.5) images over a spectral range from 3 keV to 50 keV. Efficient x-ray lensing elements with anticipated submicron resolution are being developed for narrowband (..delta..E/E approx. 10/sup -2/) imaging applications over a spectral range .1 keV to 8 keV. The x-ray lens design is that of a transmission blazed Fresnel phase plate. Micro--Fresnel zone plates with 3200 A minimum linewidth have been fabricated and preliminary resolution tests begun. The first resolution test pattern, having minimum linewidth of 2.5 ..mu..m, was imaged in lambda = 8.34 A light with no difficulty. Newer test patterns with submicron minimum line are being prepared for the next stage of resolution testing. An off-axis Fresnel zone plate with 1600 A minimum linewidth is presently being fabricated for use as an imaging spectrometer in order to provide spatially separated, chromatically distinct images of characteristic line emissions from laser fusion targets

X-ray zone plates fabricated using electron-beam and x-ray lithography

Fresnel zone plate patterns, free of spherical abberation, with diameters of up to 0.63 mm and linewidths as small as 1000 A were fabricated on polyimide-membrane x-ray masks using scanning electron beam lithography Distortion of the electron beam scan raster was reduced to < 2500 A over a 2 mm x 2 mm field by applying deflection corrections, while viewing the distortion using a moire method. C/sub k/ x-ray lithography was used to replicate the zone plate pattern in thick PMMA over a 100 A thick plating base on a glass substrate. Zones plates in 1.3 ..mu..m thick gold were fabricated by plating, and made free-standing by removal of the plating base and the supporting glass substrate. Zone plates were tested as imaging elements with visible light and soft x-rays

Exposição ocupacional ao ruído e hipertensão arterial Occupational noise exposure and hypertension

A hipótese de que a exposição ao ruído ocupacional estava positivamente associada à hipertensão arterial foi avaliada em um estudo transversal, realizado com um grupo de 276 pacientes, admitidos em um ambulatório de saúde do trabalhador do Sistema Único de Saúde, atendidos nos primeiros seis meses de 1992. A exposição ao ruído teve duas medidas: história referida de exposição ocupacional ao ruído e o diagnóstico de disacusia ocupacional. A hipertensão arterial foi definida de acordo com os critérios da OMS, incluindo-se também a referência a tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Dados obtidos através da análise estratificada e da modelagem logística não-condicional revelam que a hipótese não foi confirmada: não se encontrou diferenças entre a pressão sistólica ou diastólica ou entre as proporções de hipertensão entre indivíduos expostos ou não expostos. Todavia, verificou-se aumento estatisticamente significante (alfa=0,05) da medida de efeito quando o nível de educação era baixo (até o primeiro grau completo), o que parece indicar maior intensidade ou duração da exposição entre os trabalhadores desse grupo. Isto pode ser outra evidência da desigualdade social subjacente à distribuição da exposição entre trabalhadores no ambiente de trabalho, o que deverá ser focalizado, com mais profundidade, em estudos futuros.<br>The hypothesis that occupational noise exposure is positively associated with hypertension was examined in a crosssectional study carried out on a group of patients who were enrolled at the Occupational Health Unit of the Unified Health System, situated in Salvador city, the capital of Bahia state, Brazil. Data were obtained from 276 medical records, corresponding to all patients newly registered during the first six months of 1992. Data on noise exposure come from both reported occupational exposure history and clinical diagnosis of occupational noise-induced hearing loss. Hypertension diagnosis complies with World Health Organization criteria, as well as with the history of antihypertensive treatment. Stratified analysis and unconditional logistic regression modeling show results that do not support the study hypothesis: there are no differences between systolic or diastolic blood pressure or between proportion of hepertension for exposed and non exposed groups. However, statiscally significant (alpha = 0.05) increment of the effect measured was reported among workers who reported low educational level (below elementary). This could be another evidence of socially related inequalities underlying exposure distribution among workers at the workplace, which should be addressed, at greater depth, in future studies