Effectiveness of stress management interventions to change cortisol levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Stress has a damaging impact on our mental and physical health, and as a result, there is an on-going demand for effective stress management interventions. However, there are no reviews or meta-analyses synthesising the evidence base of randomised controlled trials testing the effectiveness of psychological interventions on changing cortisol levels (the stress hormone) in non-patient groups. Therefore, the primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to address this gap. Six databases (Medline, PsychInfo, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane and Web of Science) were searched (1171 studies identified) with 58 studies (combined N = 3508) included in the meta-analysis. The interventions were coded into one of four categories; mind body therapies, mindfulness, relaxation or talking therapies. A random effects meta-analysis on cortisol as measured in blood, saliva or hair found that stress management interventions outperformed pooled control conditions with a medium positive effect size (g = 0.282). The studies that utilised cortisol awakening measures (g = 0.644) revealed larger effects of stress management interventions than those that measured diurnal cortisol (g = 0.255). Mindfulness and meditation (g = 0. 345) and relaxation (g = 0. 347) interventions were most effective at changing cortisol levels, while mind body therapies (g = 0. 129) and talking therapies (g = 0.107) were shown to have smaller and non-significant effect sizes. Additionally, studies that utilised an active control group (g = 0. 477) over passive control group (g = 0.129) were found to have stronger effects. Length of the intervention, study quality, risk of bias, age and gender did not influence the effectiveness of interventions and there was no evidence of publication bias. Overall, the current findings confirm that stress management interventions can positively influence cortisol levels. Future research should investigate the longer term implications for health and health outcomes

Effective action for scalar fields and generalised zeta-function regularisation

Motivated by the study of quantum fields in a Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) spacetime, the one-loop effective action for a scalar field defined in the ultrastatic manifold $R\times H^3/\Gamma$, $H^3/\Gamma$ being the finite volume, non-compact, hyperbolic spatial section, is investigated by a generalisation of zeta-function regularisation. It is shown that additional divergences may appear at one-loop level. The one-loop renormalisability of the model is discussed and making use of a generalisation of zeta-function regularisation, the one-loop renormalisation group equations are derived.Comment: Latex, 16 pages, no figures; Latex mistakes corrected; accepted for publication in Physical Review

Customer emotions in service failure and recovery encounters

Emotions play a significant role in the workplace, and considerable attention has been given to the study of employee emotions. Customers also play a central function in organizations, but much less is known about customer emotions. This chapter reviews the growing literature on customer emotions in employee–customer interfaces with a focus on service failure and recovery encounters, where emotions are heightened. It highlights emerging themes and key findings, addresses the measurement, modeling, and management of customer emotions, and identifies future research streams. Attention is given to emotional contagion, relationships between affective and cognitive processes, customer anger, customer rage, and individual differences

Youth representations of environmental protest

A necessary condition for a functioning democracy is the participation of its citizens, including its youth. This is particularly true for political participation in environmental decisions because these decisions can have intergenerational consequences. In this article we examine young people’s beliefs about one form of political participation - protest - in the context of communities affected by fracking and associated anti-fracking protest, and discuss the implications of these representations for education. Drawing on focus groups with 121 young people (age 15-19) in 5 schools and colleges near sites which have experienced anti-fracking protest in England and Northern Ireland, we find young people well-informed about avenues for formal and non-formal political participation against a background of disillusionment with formal political processes and varying levels of support for protest. We find representations of protest as disruptive, divisive, extreme, less desirable than other forms of participation, and ineffective in bringing about change but effective in awareness-raising. These representations are challenging, not least because the way protest is interpreted is critical to the way people think and act in the world. These representations of environmental protest must be challenged through formal education in order to safeguard the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and ensure that the spirit of Article 11 of the UK Human Rights Act is protected

Search for long-lived neutral particles in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV that decay into displaced hadronic jets in the ATLAS calorimeter

This paper describes a search for pairs of neutral, long-lived particles decaying in the ATLAS calorimeter. Long-lived particles occur in many extensions to the Standard Model and may elude searches for new promptly decaying particles. The analysis considers neutral, long-lived scalars with masses between 5 and 400 GeV, produced from decays of heavy bosons with masses between 125 and 1000 GeV, where the long-lived scalars decay into Standard Model fermions. The analysis uses either 10.8 fb−1 or 33.0 fb−1 of data (depending on the trigger) recorded in 2016 at the LHC with the ATLAS detector in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No significant excess is observed, and limits are reported on the production cross section times branching ratio as a function of the proper decay length of the long-lived particles

Inter-University International Collaboration for an Online Course

This paper is an account of a collaboration between two international partners in Europe and in USA. The authors outline the origin, design and implementation of an inter-university, online teaching experience. The processes are discussed along with participants’ perspectives of the experience. No institutional changes or formal agreements were needed; the course was validated by each institution, designed to address the requirements of each. Responsibility for participant assessment remained with the home institution. Instructors used Web 2.0 technology to plan and implement the online course. Student perspectives include their previous international educational experience, if any, use of technology for personal and educational purposes, and reactions to their virtual collaboration with international students. The paper discusses issues of coordination, illustrates students’ international experience and technology use, and makes recommendations for developing similar collaborations

COVID Protection Behaviors, Mental Health, Risk Perceptions, and Control Beliefs: A Dynamic Temporal Network Analysis of Daily Diary Data

Background To control infections, behavioral non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as social distancing and hygiene measures (masking, hand hygiene) were implemented widely during the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, adherence to NPIs has also been implied in an increase in mental health problems. However, the designs of many existing studies are often poorly suited to disentangle complex relationships between NPI adherence, mental health symptoms, and health-related cognitions (risk perceptions, control beliefs). Purpose To separate between- and temporal within-person associations between mental health, health-related cognitions, and NPI adherence. Methods Six-month ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study with six 4-day assessment bouts in 397 German adults. Daily measurement of adherence, mental health symptoms, and cognitions during bouts. We used dynamic temporal network analysis to estimate between-person, as well as contemporaneous and lagged within-person effects for distancing and hygiene NPIs. Results Distinct network clusters of mental health, health cognitions, and adherence emerged. Participants with higher control beliefs and higher susceptibility were also more adherent (between-person perspective). Within-person, similar findings emerged, additionally, distancing and loneliness were associated. Lagged findings suggest that better adherence to NPIs was associated with better mental health on subsequent days, whereas higher loneliness was associated with better subsequent hygiene adherence. Conclusions Findings suggest no negative impact of NPI adherence on mental health or vice versa, but instead suggest that adherence might improve mental health symptoms. Control beliefs and risk perceptions are important covariates of adherence—both on between-person and within-person level

Effects of Childhood Trauma on Sleep Quality and Stress-related Variables in Adulthood: Evidence from Two Multilevel Studies

Childhood trauma has been found to have serious negative consequences for mental and physical health. However, the precise mechanisms through which trauma influences health outcomes are unclear. Childhood trauma-related disruptions to sleep in adulthood represent an important potential mechanism. Two 7-day multilevel studies investigated the effects of childhood trauma on daily sleep outcomes and stress-related variables and whether the effects of trauma on sleep outcomes were mediated through these stress-related variables (or vice versa). Participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire before a 7-day online daily diary study. Measures of daily stress, perseverative cognition, and sleep were completed daily. Multi-level modelling found that higher levels of childhood neglect were associated with poorer daily sleep quality, shorter sleep duration, longer sleep onset latency, and higher daily stress and rumination levels. Higher childhood abuse was associated with shorter sleep duration, greater morning tiredness, and higher levels of daily stress, rumination, and worry. Childhood trauma was found also to have bidirectional, indirect effects on sleep quality and morning tiredness through daily stress-related variables. The current findings suggest that interventions aimed at mitigating the negative effects of childhood trauma should also incorporate components that target modifiable risk factors, such as sleep, stress, worry, and rumination

Supplementary Material for: The Role of Staging Laparoscopy in Resectable and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

<b><i>Aim:</i></b> The study aimed to determine the additional value of staging laparoscopy in patients with pancreatic cancer deemed potentially resectable based on computed tomography imaging. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (January 1995 to June 2017). Primary outcome measures were the overall yield and sensitivity to detect non-resectable disease. Quality of studies was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. <b><i>Results:</i></b> From 156 records, 15 studies including 2,776 patients met the inclusion criteria. In 12 studies, reporting outcomes on 1,756 patients with resectable disease after standard imaging, 350 (20%, range 14–38%) cases of non-resectable cancer were detected with staging laparoscopy. In 3 studies on 242 patients with locally advanced disease after standard imaging, staging laparoscopy detected metastases in 86 patients (36%). The failure rate of staging laparoscopy to detect non-resectable disease was 5% (64 of 1,406). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Staging laparoscopy reduces the non-therapeutic laparotomy rate, and in locally advanced or borderline resectable disease, staging laparoscopy could more accurately select patients for neoadjuvant protocols