Bovine tuberculosis in Northern Ireland : risk factors associated with time from post-outbreak test to subsequent herd breakdown

Compulsory bovine tuberculosis testing has been implemented since 1959 in NorthernIreland. Initial rapid progress in the eradication of the disease was followed by a situationwhere disease levels tended to fluctuate around a low level. This study explores recru-descence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Northern Ireland herds by assessing risk factorsassociated with time from the six-month post-outbreak skin test until a further herd break-down. Bovine herds (n = 3377) were recruited in 2002 and 2003 and their survival analysedusing Kaplan–Meier survival estimates and a Cox proportional hazards model, with follow-up extending to August 2008. Exclusion criteria applied for study entry were bTB infection ina contiguous herd, changing of post restriction test to one of a higher risk status or chronicinfection. Chronic infection was defined as any situation where disclosure preceded thepost-outbreak test by two years or more. The application of these exclusion criteria meantthat herds recruited to the study were largely cleared of infection and not directly con-tiguous to other infected herds. Of the 3377 herds, 1402 (41.5%) suffered a further herdbreakdown before the end of follow-up. Median survival time was 582 days (interquartilerange = 336–1002 days). Breakdown severity (defined as the number of Single Intrader-mal Comparative Tuberculin Test (SICTT) reactors at disclosure test), local bTB prevalence,herd size and type were identified as significant risk factors (p 27.38 per year) of cattle. Consistent with other studies this workshows bTB confirmation to not be predictive of a future herd breakdown. This work showsbTB history as not being a risk factor for a future breakdown. This result could be reflectiveof the exclusion criteria used in the study, which may have selected for incidents wherehistorical status was of less importance.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/prevetmedhb201

Control of bovine brucellosis from persistently infected holdings using RB51 vaccination with test-and-slaughter : a comparative case report from a high incidence area in Portugal

Bovine brucellosis due to Brucella abortus infection causes significant reproduc-tive and production losses in cattle and is a major zoonosis. Eradication of this disease has proved difficult to achieve in Portugal where it still occurs in some regions despite an ongoing national eradication programme. In 2004, the Alent-ejo region, a major cattle producing area, reported one of the highest levels of bovine brucellosis in the country, especially in one divisional area. In that area, bovine brucellosis was particularly problematic in a holding of ten herds, the largest extensive cattle unit in the country, which remained infected despite an extensive test-and-slaughter programme and depopulation of five herds. A 5-year programme of RB51 vaccination with biannual test-and-slaughter was thus implemented in 2004. The apparent animal seroprevalence decreased from 19% (646/3,400) to 3% (88/2930) on the third herd-level test and remained below 0.8% (27/3324) after the fourth test. After the tenth test, the holding had a prevalence of 0.1% (2/2332) and only one herd remained positive with a within-herd prevalence of 1.1% (2/177). The results were compared to all other herds (n = 10) in the divisional area that were also persistently infected but were subject only to test-and-slaughter before being depopulated. In these herds, the strategy of test-andslaughter did not reduce the prevalence, which remained significantly higher than the vaccinated group (median = 0.48% and 8.5% in vaccinated versus non-vaccinated herds; Wilcoxon rank sum test; P < 0.01). The success of this pilot programme in continental Portugal pro-vided a valuable case study to the official veterinary services by illustrating the value of RB51 vaccination with parallel testing and improved biosecurity as a comprehensive and sustainable strategy for bovine brucellosis control in persis-tently infected herds.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1865-16822015-04-30hb201

Rabies virus seroprevalence among dogs in Limpopo National Park and the phylogenetic analyses of rabies viruses in Mozambique

Rabies is considered a neglected disease among many developing Asian and African countries, including Mozambique, where its re-emergence is often attributed to low dog parenteral vaccination coverage. The objectives of this study were two-fold: (1) to assess the level of antibodies against rabies virus in dogs (n = 418) in Limpopo National Park (LNP), and (2) to genetically characterise selected rabies viruses from brain tissue samples collected in 2017 and 2018. To meet the first objective, we used the BioProTM Rabies blocking ELISA antibody kit, and the results were expressed as the percentage of blocking (%PB). Dog sera with PB ≥ 40% were considered positive for antibodies to rabies virus, whereas sera with PB < 40% were negative. Just under ninety percent (89.2%; n = 373) of dogs were seronegative, and the rest (10.8%; n = 45) had detectable levels of rabies virus-specific antibodies. All eight brain tissue samples were positive for rabies virus antigen using a direct fluorescent antibody test and amplified in a quantitative real-time PCR, but only five (n = 4 from dogs and n = 1 from a cat) were amplified in a conventional reverse-transcription PCR targeting partial regions of the nucleoprotein (N) and the glycoprotein (G) genes. All samples were successfully sequenced. Phylogenetically, the rabies viruses were all of dog origin and were very closely related to each other (Africa 1b rabies virus lineage). Furthermore, the sequences had a common progenitor with other rabies viruses from southern Africa, confirming the transboundary nature of rabies and the pivotal role of dogs in maintaining rabies cycles. The study demonstrates the principal application of the BioProTM rabies ELISA antibody for the detection of anti-lyssavirus-specific antibodies in the serum samples of dogs, and most importantly, it highlights the low levels of antibodies against rabies virus in this dog population.The Third Framework Agreement Program “FA 3 III DGD/ITM 2014–2016” Project: “Communities on the move: animal and human health challenges” from the University of Pretoria (UP) and the Directorate-General Development Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid (DGD)/the Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp (ITM) and by Fundo para a Investigação Aplicada e Multissectorial-FIAM.https://www.mdpi.com/journal/pathogensdm2022Centre for Veterinary Wildlife StudiesVeterinary Tropical Disease

Knowledge of brucellosis, health-seeking behaviour, and risk factors for Brucella infection amongst workers on cattle farms in Gauteng, South Africa

Brucellosis in humans is under-detected and underreported in sub-Saharan Africa. Risk factors associated with Brucella infection and health seeking behaviour in response to brucellosis-like symptoms, amongst cattle farm workers and veterinary officials in South Africa, are unknown. Farm workers and veterinary officials (N = 230) were screened for brucellosis using commercial Rose Bengal Test (RBT®), IgM Enzyme-linked Immunoassay (ELISA)®, IgG ELISA® and the BrucellaCapt® test. Knowledge of brucellosis and risk factors for exposure to Brucella were also investigated. Seroprevalence varied according to test used: 10.1% (RBT®), 20.9% (IgG ELISA®) and 6.5% (BrucellaCapt®). Only 22.2% (6/27) of veterinary officials opt to visit a clinic, doctor, or hospital in response to selfexperienced brucellosis-like symptoms, compared to 74.9% (152/203) of farm workers (p < 0.001). Of the BrucellaCapt® seropositive participants, 53% (7/15) did not visit a clinic in response to brucellosislike symptoms. Weak evidence of an association between the handling of afterbirth or placenta and infection of a short evolution (RBT®, IgM ELISA® and IgG ELISA® seropositive) was found (OR = 8.9, 95% CI: 1.0–81.1, p = 0.052), and strong evidence of an association between this outcome and the slaughter of cattle (OR = 5.3, 95% CI: 1.4–19.6, p = 0.013). There was strong evidence of a positive association between inactive/resolved infection and veterinary officials vs. farm workers exposed to seropositive herds (OR = 7.0, 95% CI: 2.4–20.2, p < 0.001), with a simultaneous negative association with the handling of afterbirth or placenta (OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.3–11.3, p = 0.012). Findings suggest a proportion of undetected clinical cases of brucellosis amongst workers on cattle farms in Gauteng.Data Availability Statement: Data are available on request from the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development.The University of Pretoria Animal and Zoonotic Diseases Institutional Research Theme (AZD IRT) and by the South African Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authority (HWSETA).https://www.mdpi.com/journal/pathogensam2022Centre for Veterinary Wildlife StudiesProduction Animal StudiesSchool of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH

Bovine brucellosis in Gauteng, South Africa : seroprevalence amongst cattle handlers and variables associated with seropositive cattle herds, 2014–2016

In South Africa, the prevalence of cattle handler exposure to Brucella on cattle farms is unknown and risk factors and cattle symptoms associated with infected cattle herds are unavailable. To address this gap, a case-control study of cattle herds was conducted in Gauteng province and farm workers and veterinary officials were tested for exposure to Brucella. Seroprevalence amongst farm workers exposed to case herds ranged from 4.0% (BrucellaCapt®) to 16.7% (IgG ELISA®), compared to those exposed to control herds, where seroprevalence ranged from 1.9% (BrucellaCapt®) to 5.7% (IgG ELISA®). Seroprevalence amongst veterinary officials was significantly greater compared to farm workers exposed to case herds for the outcome RBT+ IgM- IgG+ (OR = 11.1, 95% CI: 2.5–49.9, p = 0.002) and RBT- IgM- IgG+ (OR = 6.3, 95% CI: 2.3–17.3, p < 0.001). Risk factors associated with being an infected herd were: being a government-sponsored farm vs. private farm (OR 4.0; 95% CI: 1.4–11.3; p = 0.009), beef vs. dairy herd (OR 7.9; 95% CI: 1.4–44.9; p = 0.020), open vs. closed herd (OR 3.3; 95% CI: 1.1–10.4; p = 0.038) and the presence of antelope on the farm (OR 29.4; 95% CI: 4.0–218.2; p = 0.001). Abortions (OR = 5.1; 95% CI: 2.0–13.3; p < 0.001), weak calves in the herd (OR = 8.0; 95% CI: 2.6–24.4; p < 0.001), reduction in number of calves born (OR = 9.0; 95% CI: 2.1–43.6; p < 0.001), reduction in conception rate (OR = 3.9; 95% CI: 0.8–18.3; p = 0.046), hygromas in cattle (p = 0.011) and farmers reporting brucellosis-like symptoms in their farm workers or in him/herself (OR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.3–8.7; p = 0.006) were more likely to be associated with Brucella infected herds than control herds. This evidence can be used in strategic planning to protect both human and herd health.The University of Pretoria Animal and Zoonotic Diseases Institutional Research Theme (AZD IRT) and by the South African Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authority (HWSETA). The APC was funded by University of Pretoria.https://www.mdpi.com/journal/pathogensam2022Centre for Veterinary Wildlife StudiesProduction Animal StudiesSchool of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH

Monitoring Mycobacterium bovis in Eurasian badgers ( Meles meles ) killed by vehicles in Northern Ireland between 1998 and 2011

Despite extensive long-term eradication programmes, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains endemic in much of the British Isles. The cost of the national eradication programme in Northern Ireland was estimated at £23 million in 2010/2011.1 There is evidence that badgers play a role in the maintenance and spread of Mycobacterium bovis to cattle (as reviewed by Allen and others2). Northern Ireland is a small country (13,843 km2) with an agricultural land that is dominated by grass production, which supports 1.6 million cattle among 20,000 farms.3 The estimated badger population of 34,100 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 26,200 to 42,000) is widespread and contained within 7600 social groups (95 per cent CI 6200 to 9000).4 A road traffic accident (RTA) survey began in 1998 in Northern Ireland with the aim of describing the occurrence of M bovis within the badger population

Is penguin circovirus circulating only in the Antarctic circle? Lack of viral detection in Namibia

The known host range of circoviruses is continuously expanding because of more intensive diagnostic activities and advanced sequencing tools. Recently, a new circovirus (penguin circovirus (PenCV)) was identified in the guano and cloacal samples collected from Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarcticus) in Antarctica. Although the virus was detected in several asymptomatic subjects, a potential association with feather disease was speculated. To investigate the occurrence and implications of PenCV in other penguin species located outside of Antarctica, a broad survey was undertaken in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) on two islands off the southern Namibian coast. For this purpose, specific molecular biology assays were developed and validated. None of the 151 blood samples tested positive for PenCV. Several reasons could explain the lack of PenCV positive samples. African penguins and Pygoscelis species are separated by approximately 6000 km, so there is almost no opportunity for transmission. Similarly, host susceptibility to PenCV might be penguin genus-specific. Overall, the present study found no evidence of PenCV in African penguin colonies in Namibia. Further dedicated studies are required to assess the relevance of PenCV among different penguin species.The number of circovirus species is continuously expanding thanks to improved diagnostic and sequencing technologies. Recently, a new circovirus (penguin circovirus (PenCV)) was identified in the guano and cloacal samples collected from Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarcticus) in Antarctica, and a potential association with disease was proposed. The present study investigates the occurrence of PenCV infection in Namibian African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) colonies. No evidence of viral circulation was observed, suggesting that PenCV distribution could be limited to Antarctica or to particular penguin species.MeerWissen-African–German Partners for Ocean Knowledge Initiative,National Geographic Society and IAEA Peaceful Uses Initiative (PUI) VETLAB Network.https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animalsCentre for Veterinary Wildlife StudiesProduction Animal Studie

Professionalism, Golf Coaching and a Master of Science Degree: A commentary

As a point of reference I congratulate Simon Jenkins on tackling the issue of professionalism in coaching. As he points out coaching is not a profession, but this does not mean that coaching would not benefit from going through a professionalization process. As things stand I find that the stimulus article unpacks some critically important issues of professionalism, broadly within the context of golf coaching. However, I am not sure enough is made of understanding what professional (golf) coaching actually is nor how the development of a professional golf coach can be facilitated by a Master of Science Degree (M.Sc.). I will focus my commentary on these two issues

Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

Background: Many patients with COVID-19 have been treated with plasma containing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Methods: This randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]) is assessing several possible treatments in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 177 NHS hospitals from across the UK. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either usual care alone (usual care group) or usual care plus high-titre convalescent plasma (convalescent plasma group). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936. Findings: Between May 28, 2020, and Jan 15, 2021, 11558 (71%) of 16287 patients enrolled in RECOVERY were eligible to receive convalescent plasma and were assigned to either the convalescent plasma group or the usual care group. There was no significant difference in 28-day mortality between the two groups: 1399 (24%) of 5795 patients in the convalescent plasma group and 1408 (24%) of 5763 patients in the usual care group died within 28 days (rate ratio 1·00, 95% CI 0·93–1·07; p=0·95). The 28-day mortality rate ratio was similar in all prespecified subgroups of patients, including in those patients without detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at randomisation. Allocation to convalescent plasma had no significant effect on the proportion of patients discharged from hospital within 28 days (3832 [66%] patients in the convalescent plasma group vs 3822 [66%] patients in the usual care group; rate ratio 0·99, 95% CI 0·94–1·03; p=0·57). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation, there was no significant difference in the proportion of patients meeting the composite endpoint of progression to invasive mechanical ventilation or death (1568 [29%] of 5493 patients in the convalescent plasma group vs 1568 [29%] of 5448 patients in the usual care group; rate ratio 0·99, 95% CI 0·93–1·05; p=0·79). Interpretation: In patients hospitalised with COVID-19, high-titre convalescent plasma did not improve survival or other prespecified clinical outcomes. Funding: UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and National Institute of Health Research

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance from bacterial culture and susceptibility records from horse samples in South Africa

The continuous increase in prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria presents a significant public health problem and is an indicator that antimicrobial prudent usage guidelines are not being followed, especially in developing countries. Despite trends being available from numerous countries, there is little published for South Africa. This study was aimed at estimating the prevalence and trends of antimicrobial resistance from bacterial isolates from equine clinical samples submitted for culture and susceptibility testing to the veterinary bacteriology laboratory of the University of Pretoria. The study covered a period of seven years from 2007. A total of 1505 bacterial isolates were included in this study comprising isolates from 2007 (n = 447); 2008 (n = 285); 2009 (n = 258); 2010 (n = 102); 2011 (n = 89); 2012 (n = 248) and 2013 (n = 76). For this study, multiple drug resistance was above 50% for all the isolates. The Cochran-Armitage test showed evidence of a significantly increasing trend in prevalence of resistance to several antimicrobial agents, including amikacin (E. coli, Staphylococcus), AMX/AMP (Corynebacteria, Lactobacillus and Salmonella), chloramphenicol (Enterococcus, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Salmonella), enrofloxacin (E. coli, Staphylococcus, Salmonella and Pseudomonas) and gentamicin (Salmonella, Staphylococcus). The data obtained from this study is relevant to equine practitioners, as it helps enhance the body of veterinary knowledge pertaining to antimicrobial resistance in common equine pathogens in South Africa.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/prevetmed2018-12-01hj2017Paraclinical SciencesVeterinary Tropical Disease