Use of Physicochemical Method for Evaluation of Mucilage Producing Ability of the Linum Usitatissimum L. Seeds

Abstract In the modern medicine of many European countries flax is used as a medicament with a wide range of use. Wholesome effect of flax seeds is determined by the large amount of enveloping substances. This property is connected with content of mucilage up to 10% and glycoside linamarin. Flaxseed polysaccharides also possess antiinflammatory effect. Furthermore, mucilage production can be a chemosystematic characteric of intraspecific taxons. In literature intervarietal variability data is limited. Therefore, comparative evaluation of mucilage producing ability of flax seeds with different morphotypes is of interest. The research of micromorphological characteristics of seed coat and mucilage production dynamics was carried out and it was established that mucilage-producing cells are localized predominantly in the external layer of seed coat. It was established that Bahmalskiy, Nebesnyj, Kustanayskiy yantar varieties possess the highest level of mucilage production. Morphotype and varietal specificity of mucilage production are determined, consequently it can be used as a marker feature of L. usitatissimum new forms. The proposed technique is based on the determination of seed physicochemical characteristics and can be used for express analysis of the vegetal samples and their differentiation by the directions of use: as a fatty oil or mucilage-containing raw material. Keywords: Linum usitatissimum L. varieties, seeds, mucilage production, hydration dynamics, physicochemical method

Особенности синтеза триамилцитрата

Objectives. To find an effective way for obtaining triamyl citrate, an environmentally friendly, biodegradable citric acid ester used as a plasticizer for PVC-based polymer compositions.Methods. The possibilities of heterogeneous catalysis were analyzed using the case study of three commercial samples of macroporous sulfocationites (Amberlyst™ 15, Amberlyst™ 70, and TULSION® 66). Homogeneous catalysis was studied using the example of orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4), while self-catalysis was investigated during esterification of citric acid with amyl alcohol (ROH). The syntheses were carried out under identical conditions: T = 110 °C, the ratio of CA:ROH = 1:5 (mol) amount of catalyst 1 wt % on the reaction mass in a thermostatically controlled reactor of ideal mixing with continuous distillation of the resulting water.Results. It was found that in all variants (even under self-catalysis conditions), the conversion of citric acid in 180 min reached 94–99%. Triamyl citrate was formed after 9 h with a yield of 90% only when using a homogeneous catalyst (H3PO4) and in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst sample (Amberlyst ™ 15).Conclusions. The revealed differences in the reactivity of the studied sulfocationites (Amberlyst™ 15, Amberlyst ™ 70, and TULSION® 66) confirm the well-known theoretical positions, according to which the kinetic pseudo-homogeneous model of the esterification process of hydroxy acids in excess of aliphatic alcohols is based on the law of acting masses and depends on the specific surface area of the catalyst, which for Amberlyst ™ 15 is of the greatest importance as compared to Amberlyst ™ 70 and TULSION® 66 (m2/g): 53:36:35, respectively.Цели. Поиск эффективного метода получения триамилцитрата – экологически чистого, биоразлагаемого сложного эфира лимонной кислоты, используемого в качестве пластификатора полимерных композиций на основе поливинилхлорида.Методы. Выявлены возможности гетерогенного катализа на примере трех коммерческих образцов макропористых сульфокатионитов (Амберлист™ 15, Амберлист™ 70 и Тулсион® 66); гомогенного катализа на примере ортофосфорной кислоты (H3PO4) и самокатализа при этерификации лимонной кислоты (ЛК) амиловым спиртом (ROH). Синтезы проводили в одинаковых условиях: T = 110 °С отношение ЛК:ROH = 1:5 (мольн.) количество катализатора 1 мас. %. на реакционную массу в термостатированном реакторе идеального смешения с непрерывным отгоном образующейся воды.Результаты. Установлено, что во всех вариантах конверсия лимонной кислоты за 180 мин достигает 94–99%. Триамилцитрат с выходом 90% образуется через 9 ч только при использовании гомогенного катализатора (H3PO4) и в присутствии образца гетерогенного катализатора – Амберлист™ 15.Выводы. Выявленные различия в реакционной способности исследованных сульфокатионитов Амберлист™ 15, Амберлист™ 70 и Тулсион® 66 подтверждают известные теоретические положения, в соответствии с которыми кинетическая псевдогомогенная модель процесса этерификации гидроксикислот в избытке алифатических спиртов основывается на законе действующих масс и зависит от удельной поверхности катализатора, которая для Амберлист™ 15 имеет наибольшее значение по сравнению с Амберлист™ 70 и Тулсион® 66 (м2/г): 53:36:35 соответственно

Youth and Choice of Profession

The article discusses the main motives that influence the choice of profession of modern youth. The problems that arise at the stage of choosing a future profession are analyzed. The main ways of obtaining primary information about future professional activity, its advantages in relation to other professions are highlighted. In order to study the stated issue, we conducted a sociological survey in the Rostov region, the village of Matveev Kurgan in the MBOU Matveevo-Kurgan secondary school No. 1.В статье рассматриваются основные мотивы, влияющие на выбор профессии современной молодёжи. Анализируются проблемы, возникающие на этапе выбора будущей профессии. Освещаются основные пути получения первичной информации о будущей профессиональной деятельности, ее преимуществах по отношению к другим профессиям. С целью изучения заявленного вопроса, нами был проведён социологический опрос в Ростовской области посёлке Матвеев Курган в МБОУ Матвеево-курганская СОШ № 1

Dynamics of endothelial function indexes in patients with post-Covid syndrome using a combination drug of ethylmethylhydroxyperidine succinate/vitamin B6

Aim: to evaluate endothelial function in patients after COVID-19 before and after treatment with combination drug of ethylmethylhydroxyperidine succinate (EMHPS)/vitamin B

Role of medical - social factors in a case rate by a tuberculosis of children and teenagers

The role of medical-social factors influencing case rate tuberculosis of children and the teenagers of Udmurtiya is investigated. The analysis was carried out in 1990-2009 years. Thus 375 children and 225 teenagers have come in a basic group, control group have made as much of children and teenagers. Fixed, that in a basic group at 79,0 % of children and teenagers the tuberculinodiagnosis was irregular. The carrying out uncontrollable chemoprophylaxis in a basic group at 82,0% of the persons, in control group is revealed, opposite, at 65,5 % was carried out checked chemoprophylaxis. The basic group was made by radiants of an infection with medial blanket formation in 18,5%, medial special in 67,0% of cases, opposite. The patients by a tuberculosis from a basic group lived at private houses, hostels, municipal apartments in 46,0%, 22,0%, 17,5% accordingly. 71,1 % of families lived at a basic group in unsatisfactory sanitary - hygienic requirements.Изучена роль медико-социальных факторов, влияющих на заболеваемость туберкулезом детей и подростков Удмуртии. Анализ проводился в 1990-2009 гг. При этом в основную группу вошло 375 детей и 225 подростков, контрольную группу составили столько же детей и подростков. Установлено, что в основной группе у 79,0% детей и подростков туберкулинодиагностика была нерегулярная. Выявлено проведение неконтролируемой химиопрофилактики в основной группе у 82,0% лиц, в контрольной группе, напротив, у 65,5% проводилась контролируемая химиопрофилактика. Основную группу составляли источники инфекции со средним общим образованием в 18,5%, средним специальным в 67,0% случаев, напротив. Больные туберкулезом из основной группы проживали в частных домах, общежитиях, коммунальных квартирах в 46,0%, 22,0%, 17,5% соответственно. В основной группе 71,1% семей проживали в неудовлетворительных санитарно-гигиенических условиях

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF OSTEOPONTINE AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEASE-9 IN THORACAL AORTA ANEURYSM DEVELOPMENT

Aim. To evaluate the significance of osteopontine and MMP-9 in the development of thoracal aorta aneurysm in patients with tricuspid (TAV) and bicuspid (BAV) aorta valve. Material and methods. Totally 94 patients included with the dilation of thoracal aorta for more than 40 mm, and 50 patients without aorta pathology, that were the comparison group. All patients underwent echocardiographic study by Vivid 7 (GE, USA) device by standard protocol. The osteopontine concentration and MMP-9 were measured in blood serum with manual plate immune-enzyme assay. Results. The concentration of MMP-9 in blood serum of the patients with aorta pathology and TAV did not differ significantly with the value in comparison group. Otherwise, in IHD the concentration of MMP-9 was significantly higher than in patients without aorta pathology (164,9±76,6 ng/ml and 106,8±82,7 ng/ml, respectively, p<0,01) and closely correlated with the Valsalva sinuses diameters (r=0,302, р=0,007). Comparative analysis of the osteopontine serum concentration did not show differences in the subgroups studied.Conclusion. The positive correlation revealed of the aorta diameter and concentration of MMP-9 in blood serum of the patients with BAV confirms not only the differences in the pathogenesis of thoracal aorta aneurysm in TAV and BAV, but makes it possible to think on the usage of MMP-9 as biomarker of thoracal aorta dilatation