Global imbalances: the perspective of the Reserve Bank of India

The pre as well as post crisis discourse on global imbalances has largely focused on the zero-sum current account equation involving United States on the one side and the rest of the world (ROW) on the other. Most of the analysis has been from the perspective of the countries which are perceived to be integral part of the above equation. However, the implications of the imbalances went much beyond these few countries and had profound influence on the financial stability and monetary management in many countries. The huge cross border capital flows during the pre crisis period, arising from the liquidity glut in advanced economies and abetted by the expansion of the financial sector balance sheets, posed significant challenges for domestic policy makers. It is this peripheral perspective that this paper attempts to bring forth. India is indeed a peripheral country as far as global imbalances are concerned as it did not contribute to either the origination or propagation of the imbalances. Its growth process is not dependent in any significant measure either on external demand or capital flows. It does not pursue a policy of achieving a particular level of current account deficit or surplus to support its growth strategy. Its exchange rate is essentially market determined and it does not pursue an explicit policy of reserve accumulation. However, India did face the impact of global imbalances as a receptacle of global funds flow which were essentially volatile in nature. The paper articulates the policy imperatives that arose in this context and the design of policy framework that helped in addressing the challenges. The response was, and continues to be driven by a non-doctrinaire, pragmatic approach with the sole objective of maintaining broader macroeconomic and financial stability.The paper concludes with a discussion on the potential risks to global financial stability on account of persisting global imbalances and the feasibility of post crisis efforts being pursued globally at various multinational fora to address these.

Combined Magnetohydrodynamic and Geometric Optimization of a Hypersonic Inlet

This paper considers the numerical optimization of a double ramp scramjet inlet using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects together with inlet ramp angle changes. The parameter being optimized is the mass capture at the throat of the inlet, such that spillage effects for less than design Mach numbers are reduced. The control parameters for the optimization include the MHD effects in conjunction with ramp angle changes. To enhance the MHD effects different ionization scenarios depending upon the alignment of the magnetic field are considered. The flow solution is based on the Advection Upstream Splitting Method (AUSM) that accounts for the MHD source terms as well. A numerical Broyden-Flecher-Goldfarb-Shanno- (BFGS-) based procedure is utilized to optimize the inlet mass capture. Numerical validation results compared to published results in the literature as well as the outcome of the optimization procedure are summarized to illustrate the efficacy of the approach

Chemical analysis of charged Li/SO(sub)2 cells

The initial focus of the program was to confirm that charging can indeed result in explosions and constitute a significant safety problem. Results of this initial effort clearly demonstrated that cells do indeed explode on charge and that charging does indeed constitute a real and severe safety problem. The results of the effort to identify the chemical reactions involved in and responsible for the observed behavior are described

New records of Praethecacineta halacari (Schulz) (Suctorea: Ciliophora) from Taiwan, Tanzania and Canada

The present study reports on a range extension of the suctorian species Praethecacineta halacari to the region of He-Ping-Dao, north-east of Taiwan (West Pacific Ocean), Matemwe, the east coast of Unguja, Zanzibar, Tanzania (West Indian Ocean) and Nova Scotia, Canada (West Atlantic Ocean). Praethecacineta halacari is reported here for the first time from Taiwan, Tanzania and Canada. Earlier records include the Caspian Sea, Western Australia, Brazil, India, and various coastal sites in Europe

Development of ambient temperature secondary lithium cells

JPL is developing ambient temperature secondary lithium cells for future spacecraft applications. Prior studies on experimental laboratory type Li-TiS2 cells yielded promising results in terms of cycle life and rate capability. To further assess the performance of this cell, 5 Ah engineering model cells were developed. Initially baseline cells were designed and fabricated. Each cell had 15 cathodes and 16 anodes and the ratio of anode to cathode capacity is 6:1. A solution of 1.5 molar LiAsF6 in 2Me-THF was used as the electrolyte. Cells were evaluated for their cycle life at C/1 and C/5 discharge rates and 100 percent depth of discharge. The cells were cycled between voltage limits 1.7 and 2.8 volts. The rate of charge in all cases is C/10. The results obtained indicate that cells can operate at C/10 to C/2 discharge rates and have an initial energy density of 70 Wh/kg. Cells delivered more than 100 cycles at C/2 discharge rate. The details of cell design, the test program, and the results obtained are described

Early-type galaxies in the SDSS. II. Correlations between observables

A magnitude limited sample of nearly 9000 early-type galaxies, in the redshift range 0.01 < z < 0.3, was selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey using morphological and spectral criteria. The sample was used to study how early-type galaxy observables, including luminosity L, effective radius R_o, surface brightness I_o, color, and velocity dispersion sigma, are correlated with one another. Measurement biases are understood with mock catalogs which reproduce all of the observed scaling relations and their dependences on fitting technique. At any given redshift, the intrinsic distribution of luminosities, sizes and velocity dispersions in our sample are all approximately Gaussian. A maximum likelihood analysis shows that sigma ~ L^{0.25\pm 0.012}, R_o ~ L^{0.63\pm 0.025}, and R_o ~ I^{-0.75\pm 0.02} in the r* band. In addition, the mass-to-light ratio within the effective radius scales as M_o/L ~ L^{0.14\pm 0.02} or M_o/L ~ M_o^{0.22\pm 0.05}, and galaxies with larger effective masses have smaller effective densities: Delta_o ~ M_o^{-0.52\pm 0.03}. These relations are approximately the same in the g*, i* and z* bands. Relative to the population at the median redshift in the sample, galaxies at lower and higher redshifts have evolved only little, with more evolution in the bluer bands. The luminosity function is consistent with weak passive luminosity evolution and a formation time of about 9 Gyrs ago.Comment: 29 pages, 11 figures. Accepted by AJ (scheduled for April 2003). This paper is part II of a revised version of astro-ph/011034

RECOGNITION OF BUS PATH AND FUEL ECHELON OBSERVE SYSTEM USING IOT TECHNOLOGY

The demand for effective public delivery frame such as buses is genuinely swiftly stronger due to the boosting in populace; the guests must recognize the precise shipping possibility from that bus to the sure terminal and after that bear in mind their enjoy of their domestic. Fuel surveillance has virtually been clearly the primary issue that a whole lot of bus carriers making plans to remedy. This newspaper hooked up a bus tracking and also checking the fuel as well as velocity device to offer a middle for the manipulate criteria by means of the supervisor. The encouraged body according to ARM 7, GSM/GPS and also chart suit ASP.MVC which give the actuated shipping possibility aside from graphically offering the bus area on Google chart. The fashion additionally makes it feasible for the owner from the buses to look at the bus instantly for the reason that the unit supervisor may want to conveniently maintain statistics supply relevant records from buses as well as its very own electricity box at any second from the answer

INTEND OF COAL MINE WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM IN UNDERGROUND USING IOT PLATFORM

Recently, the frequent coal mine safety injuries have brought on serious casualties and big monetary losses. It is urgent for the worldwide mining enterprise to growth operational efficiency and improves usual mining safety. This paper proposes a lightweight mashup middleware to achieve remote tracking and control automation of underground bodily sensor devices. First, the cluster tree based on Wireless Sensor Network is deployed in an underground coal mine, and proposes an Open Service Gateway initiative based uniform devices get right of entry to framework. Then, endorse a uniform message area and statistics distribution version, and also, a light-weight services mashup method is carried out. With the help of visualization era, the graphical user interface of different underground physical sensor devices can be created, which allows the sensors to mix with different assets easily. Besides, 4 sorts of coal mine safety tracking and control automation scenarios are illustrated, and the overall performance has additionally been measured and analyzed. It has been proved that our lightweight mashup middleware can reduce the expenses effectively to create coal mine safety monitoring and manage automation programs