Антимикробная и антимикотическая фотодинамическая терапия (обзор литературы)

This review highlights the possibilities of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using drugs based on chlorin e6, aluminum phthalocyanine, methylene blue as photosensitizers for bacterial and fungal pathologies. This method was developed initially to treat tumor diseases, where it had shown its high efficiency and safety. Now photodynamic therapy is actively used in the treatment of cancers of the skin, bronchi, stomach, cervix, larynx, or other regions. However, numerous studies have been carried out for the entire existence of the method, demonstrating new possibilities of its application. This review highlights a number of studies in which the efficacy and safety of antimicrobial and antimycotic PDT were studied in vivo and in vitro. It has been proven to have a positive effect on the reparative processes in the wound. An experimental study was carried out to study the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of peritonitis in mice. Demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.В обзоре литературы освещены возможности фотодинамической терапии (ФДТ) с использованием в качестве фотосенсибилизатора (ФС) ряда препаратов, в том числе на основе хлорина е6, фталоцианина алюминия, метиленового синего, при бактериальных и грибковых патологиях. Метод ФДТ изначально был разработан для лечения опухолевых заболеваний, в борьбе с которыми показал свою высокую эффективность и безопасность. В настоящее время ФДТ активно применяется при лечении пациентов с раком кожи, бронхов, желудка, шейки матки, гортани и других локализаций. Однако за все время существования метода были проведены многочисленные исследования, демонстрирующие новые возможности его применения. В настоящем обзоре освещен ряд научно-исследовательских работ, в которых была изучена эффективность и безопасность антимикробной и антимикотической ФДТ в экспериментах in vivo и in vitro. Выполнен обзор публикаций, посвященных изучению механизмов антимикробного действия ФДТ, а также изучающих влияние ФДТ на репаративные процессы в ране. В исследованиях, включенных в настоящий обзор, доказана высокая эффективность антимикробной и антимикотической ФДТ. Продемонстрирован противовоспалительный потенциал метода при лечении аутоиммунных заболеваний у людей

Widespread divergence of the CEACAM/PSG genes in vertebrates and humans suggests sensitivity to selection

In mammals, carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) and pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) play important roles in the regulation of pathogen transmission, tumorigenesis, insulin signaling turnover, and fetal–maternal interactions. However, how these genes evolved and to what extent they diverged in humans remain to be investigated specifically. Based on syntenic mapping of chordate genomes, we reveal that diverging homologs with a prototypic CEACAM architecture–including an extracellular domain with immunoglobulin variable and constant domain-like regions, and an intracellular domain containing ITAM motif–are present from cartilaginous fish to humans, but are absent in sea lamprey, cephalochordate or urochordate. Interestingly, the CEACAM/PSG gene inventory underwent radical divergence in various vertebrate lineages: from zero in avian species to dozens in therian mammals. In addition, analyses of genetic variations in human populations showed the presence of various types of copy number variations (CNVs) at the CEACAM/PSG locus. These copy number polymorphisms have 3–80% frequency in select populations, and encompass single to more than six PSG genes. Furthermore, we found that CEACAM/PSG genes contain a significantly higher density of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) compared to the chromosome average, and many CEACAM/PSG SNPs exhibit high population differentiation. Taken together, our study suggested that CEACAM/PSG genes have had a more dynamic evolutionary history in vertebrates than previously thought. Given that CEACAM/PSGs play important roles in maternal–fetal interaction and pathogen recognition, these data have laid the groundwork for future analysis of adaptive CEACAM/PSG genotype-phenotypic relationships in normal and complicated pregnancies as well as other etiologies.Chia Lin Chang, Jenia Semyonov, Po Jen Cheng, Shang Yu Huang, Jae Il Park, Huai-Jen Tsai, Cheng-Yung Lin, Frank Grützner, Yung Kuei Soong, James J. Cai, Sheau Yu Teddy Hs

NEW METHOD OF PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY WITH SELECTIVE PARENCHYMA CLAMPING

The authors suggested a new method of performance of open, laparoscopic and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy using specially developed instruments for selective parenchyma clamping in order to improve the functional results of renal cell carcinoma treatment. The operation with clamping of renal vessels was carried out in 86 cases and clamping of renal parenchyma was used in 24 cases. It was shown, that the open, laparoscopic and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy could be safely performed in conditions of selective ischemia of the renal parenchyma without clamping of renal vessels

RESULTS OF DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF MELATONIN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN LYMPHOCYTES IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MILD AND SEVERE PANCREATITIS

The authors present results of the investigation of melatonin receptors expression in lymphocytes in dynamics in 102 patients with acute pancreatitis of mild and severe form and in 50 volunteers. A correlated analysis was made between obtained results of laboratory and instrumental researches and clinical course of acute pancreatitis. The decrease of MT1 receptors expression was noted on 25% in patients with acute pancreatitis. The decline of MT2 receptors expression was observed on 40% of patients with acute severe pancreatitis and in a case of acute mild pancreatitis — on 15,5%, respectively. Values of MT1 and MT2 expression were equal between healthy volunteers. The decline of MT2 expression was a prognostic unfavourable sign. Obtained results of dynamic expression assessment of MT-receptors were presented as MT2/MT1 indices. Given index didn’t change during disease, because of this, the index could be used as a prognostic development marker of destructive form of acute pancreatitis at the moment of patient’s admission to hospital. Mean values of MT2/MT1 were determined for the purpose of universalization of used method (1,13±0,09 for mild form and 0,81±0,09 for severe form of acute pancreatitis, respectively)

Comparative evaluation of scales to determine severity of acute pancreatitis

The OBJECTIVE of this research was to compare the accuracy and the possibility of applying the most common scales for acute pancreatitis severity evaluation with each other as well as with the suggested scale developed specially for this disease and based on the illness severity coefficient, which is defined by objective quantitative parameters available for every practitioner.METHODS AND METERIALS. We examined the data on 16 parameters for 760 patients suffering from acute pancreatitis, who were treated at the following 3 hospitals.RESULTS. One of the drawbacks of all the examined scales is low sensitivity of scales with high specificity. This feature makes these scales inadequate for making decisions about the therapeutic approach for a patient.CONCLUSION. The suggested way of defining the illness severity is entirely free of subjectivity, does not depend on surgeon's qualification and has high specificity to a concrete problem. It is worth noting that all scales except IDAP use the indicators that are not included in medical-economic standards of Russia. Therefore, the IDAP scale is best suited to address our problem

ЛУЧЕВАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ КОСТНОЙ ТКАНИ ПРИ МЕТАСТАТИЧЕСКОМ РАКЕ ПОЧКИ

Bone metastases occur in 20–35% of patients with generalized renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and osteoclastic (lytic) metastases prevail. Diagnosis of metastatic lesion of the skeleton during RCC is of clinical importance for timely treatment, improving the quality of life and reducing mortality of patients. The article discusses modern methods of radiation diagnosis of bone tissue changes in metastatic RCC.Метастазы в кости встречаются у 20–35% больных генерализованным почечно-клеточным раком (ПКР), при этом преобладают остеокластические (литические) метастазы. Диагностика метастатического поражения скелета при ПКР имеет большое клиническое значение для своевременного лечения, улучшения качества жизни и снижения смертности больных. В статье рассмотрены современные методы лучевой диагностики изменений костной ткани при метастатическом ПКР.</p