117 research outputs found
Importance de la résolution spatiale et temporelle des approches régionales de modélisation du stress hydrique
Les pressions accrues sur les ressources en eau liĂ©es aux changements climatiques et sociĂ©taux sont reconnues comme des enjeux mondiaux. Une approche rĂ©gionale de modĂ©lisation intĂ©grĂ©e, considĂ©rant des scĂ©narios hydrologiques et dâusages de lâeau sous contraintes climatiques et anthropiques, a ainsi Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e. Celle-ci a dâabord Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e Ă lâĂ©chelle du bassin mĂ©diterranĂ©en au pas de temps annuel, puis Ă lâĂ©chelle du canton de Vaud (Suisse) au pas de temps mensuel. Commune aux deux Ă©tudes, cette approche permet dâidentifier les grandes tendances hydro-climatiques et dâusages de lâeau dâici Ă lâhorizon 2050 ainsi que les rĂ©gions les plus vulnĂ©rables au stress hydrique. Ces Ă©tudes soulignent lâimportance de pouvoir reprĂ©senter les variations rĂ©gionales et saisonniĂšres de la disponibilitĂ© des ressources et des demandes en eau. Sâappuyant sur les rĂ©sultats de ces deux travaux, cette communication vise Ă discuter de la question de la rĂ©solution temporelle et spatiale des approches rĂ©gionales de modĂ©lisation intĂ©grĂ©e du stress hydrique
Consistency of satellite-based precipitation products in space and over time compared with gauge observations and snow- hydrological modelling in the Lake Titicaca region
This paper proposes a protocol to assess the spaceâtime consistency of 12
satellite-based precipitation products (SPPs) according to various
indicators, including (i)Â direct comparison of SPPs with 72 precipitation
gauges; (ii)Â sensitivity of streamflow modelling to SPPs at the outlet of
four basins; and (iii)Â the sensitivity of distributed snow models to SPPs
using a MODIS snow product as reference in an unmonitored mountainous area.
The protocol was applied successively to four different time windows
(2000â2004, 2004â2008, 2008â2012 and 2000â2012) to account for the
spaceâtime variability of the SPPs and to a large dataset composed of
12Â SPPs (CMORPHâRAW v.1, CMORPHâCRT v.1, CMORPHâBLD v.1, CHIRP v.2, CHIRPS
v.2, GSMaP v.6, MSWEP v.2.1, PERSIANN, PERSIANNâCDR, TMPAâRT v.7, TMPAâAdj
v.7 and SM2RainâCCI v.2), an unprecedented comparison. The aim of using
different space scales and timescales and indicators was to evaluate whether
the efficiency of SPPs varies with the method of assessment, time window and
location. Results revealed very high discrepancies between SPPs. Compared to
precipitation gauge observations, some SPPs (CMORPHâRAW v.1, CMORPHâCRT
v.1, GSMaP v.6, PERSIANN, and TMPAâRT v.7) are unable to estimate regional
precipitation, whereas the others (CHIRP v.2, CHIRPS v.2, CMORPHâBLD v.1,
MSWEP v.2.1, PERSIANNâCDR, and TMPAâAdj v.7) produce a realistic
representation despite recurrent spatial limitation over regions with
contrasted emissivity, temperature and orography. In 9 out of 10 of the cases
studied, streamflow was more realistically simulated when SPPs were used as
forcing precipitation data rather than precipitation derived from the
available precipitation gauge networks, whereas the SPP's ability to
reproduce the duration of MODIS-based snow cover resulted in poorer
simulations than simulation using available precipitation gauges.
Interestingly, the potential of the SPPs varied significantly when they were
used to reproduce gauge precipitation estimates, streamflow observations or
snow cover duration and depending on the time window considered. SPPs thus
produce spaceâtime errors that cannot be assessed when a single indicator
and/or time window is used, underlining the importance of carefully
considering their spaceâtime consistency before using them for
hydro-climatic studies. Among all the SPPs assessed, MSWEP v.2.1 showed the
highest spaceâtime accuracy and consistency in reproducing gauge
precipitation estimates, streamflow and snow cover duration.</p
Modeling denitrification in aquatic sediments
Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Biogeochemistry 93 (2009): 159-178, doi:10.1007/s10533-008-9270-z.Sediment denitrification is a major pathway of fixed nitrogen loss from aquatic systems. Due to technical difficulties in measuring this process and its spatial and temporal variability, estimates of local, regional and global denitrification have to rely on a combination of measurements and models. Here we review approaches to describing denitrification in aquatic sediments, ranging from mechanistic diagenetic models to empirical parameterizations of nitrogen fluxes across the sediment-water interface. We also present a compilation of denitrification measurements and ancillary data for different aquatic systems, ranging from freshwater to marine. Based on this data compilation we reevaluate published parameterizations of denitrification. We recommend that future models of denitrification use (1) a combination of mechanistic diagenetic models and measurements where bottom waters are temporally hypoxic or anoxic, and (2) the much simpler correlations between denitrification and sediment oxygen consumption for oxic bottom waters. For our data set, inclusion of bottom water oxygen and nitrate concentrations in a multivariate regression did not improve the statistical fit.Financial support for AEG to work on the manuscript came from
NSF NSF-DEB-0423565. KF, DB and DDT acknowledge support from NOAA CHRP
grant NA07NOS4780191
Patterns and dynamics of land-cover changes since the 1960s over three experimental areas in Mali
This paper addresses a critical need to provide a better quantitative Understanding of how the Sudano-Sahelian environments actually been changing under the combined impacts of climate variability and the increasing pressure of human activity Using Corona. Landsat and SPOT satellite Images of three areas (90-250 km(2)) along the climatic gradient of a large catchment in Mali, significant land-cover changes since the 1960s were identified through visual interpretation of images following a common classification scheme The pattern and trajectory of changes differed markedly between the three areas studied Over all, the 40-year trends indicate (I) in the Sahelian area, a steady increase in croplands and erosional surfaces with sparse vegetation and a corresponding drastic reduction In Woody Covers, (11) in the Sudano-Sahelian area. a large increase in croplands and a moderate reduction in woody covers, (III) III file Sudanian area. agricultural extension, deforestation, but also reforestation and land rehabilitation, Clue to alternating periods of exploitation and recolonization by natural vegetation These patterns and dynamic scan be partially explained by the differences in demographic pressure between the three areas They also highlight differences in response to anthropogenic and climate forcings depending oil the areas' respective climatic and environmental endowments. This study is a first step towards an in-depth analysis of the various forces and processes driving these changes and the formulation of prospective environmental scenarios for the catchment in line with hydrological Studies (C) 2009 Elsevier B V All rights reserve
Assessing uncertainties in climate change impacts on runoff in Western Mediterranean basins
International audienceThis paper investigates the uncertainties linked to climate change impacts on runoff in four mesoscale basins (900 to 1800 km 2) in the Mediterranean region. Runoff simulations were based on a daily conceptual model including a snow module. The model was calibrated and validated according to a differential split-sample test over a 20-year period and four competing criterions aiming to represent model structural uncertainty based on the concept of Pareto optimality. Five regional climate models (RCMs) from the Med-CORDEX initiative were used to provide temperature and precipitation projections under RCP8.5 by 2050. The RCMs' inability to realistically simulate reference climate (notably precipitation) led us to apply a monthly perturbation method in order to produce a range of climate scenarios. The structural uncertainty bounds obtained from the hydrological simulations over the reference period showed that the model was able to correctly reproduce observed runoff despite contrasted hydrological conditions in (and in between) the basins. Climate projections were shown to be convergent regarding temperatures, which could increase by about +1 to 3 âą C on each basin. In contrast, no clear trends in precipitation could be put in evidence, some RCMs leading to a mean annual precipitation decrease (up to 64 %), and others to an increase (up to 33 %). The hydrological projections resulted from the combination of the hydrological simulation bounds with the range of climate projections. Despite the propagation of those uncertainties, the 2050 hydrological scenarios agreed on a significant runoff decrease (2-77 %) during spring on all basins. On the opposite, no clear trend in runoff could be observed for the other seasons
Contribution de lâenseignement de la mĂ©decine vĂ©tĂ©rinaire aux enjeux du dĂ©veloppement durable des productions animales
This article explains the process of creating a course in veterinary medicine aimed at interesting students to the challenges of animal production. The article is a retrospective analysis of five consecutive versions of the course which resulted in the elaboration of an explicit frame of reference that links three key concepts: 1) Animal production as the object of analysis; 2) Sustainable development as the paradigm of integration of economic, social and environmental dimensions and 3) Ethical deliberation as the process of analysis. The course proposes an innovative approach based on active learning, peer-based learning and ethical deliberation to resolve the main conflict of values of a case study of a veterinary intervention from the perspective of sustainable development. The method proposed meets the requirements of the competency-based program of the Faculty of veterinary medicine on the acquisition of the competencies of professionalism and integration of the scientific approach. The pedagogical approach presented in this article contributes to the advancement of knowledge in teaching and learning of veterinary medicine by valuing knowledge and attitudes of the profession in the perspective of openness to other disciplines and interveners of the agricultural sector. This interactive method could be adapted to other post-secondary programs seeking to define the role and contribution of their discipline to different challenges linked to sustainable development.Cet article explique le processus de crĂ©ation dâun cours en mĂ©decine vĂ©tĂ©rinaire qui vise Ă intĂ©resser les Ă©tudiants aux enjeux des productions animales. Lâarticle est une analyse rĂ©trospective de cinq versions successives du cours, qui a donnĂ© lieu Ă lâĂ©laboration dâun cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence explicite qui relie trois concepts-clĂ©s : 1) Productions animales comme objet dâanalyse; 2) DĂ©veloppement durable comme paradigme dâintĂ©gration des dimensions Ă©conomiques, sociales et environnementales et 3) DĂ©libĂ©ration Ă©thique comme processus dâanalyse. Le cours propose une approche innovatrice basĂ©e sur lâapprentissage actif, lâapprentissage par les pairs et la dĂ©libĂ©ration Ă©thique pour rĂ©soudre le principal conflit de valeurs en lien avec une Ă©tude de cas dâune intervention vĂ©tĂ©rinaire dans une perspective de dĂ©veloppement durable. La mĂ©thode proposĂ©e rĂ©pond aux exigences du programme par compĂ©tence de la FacultĂ© de mĂ©decine vĂ©tĂ©rinaire sur lâacquisition des compĂ©tences de professionnalisme et dâintĂ©gration de la dĂ©marche scientifique. La dĂ©marche pĂ©dagogique prĂ©sentĂ©e dans cet article contribue Ă lâavancement des connaissances en enseignement et en apprentissage de la mĂ©decine vĂ©tĂ©rinaire en valorisant les savoirs et les savoir-ĂȘtre de la profession dans une perspective dâouverture aux autres disciplines et intervenants de la filiĂšre agricole. Cette mĂ©thode interactive pourrait sâadapter Ă dâautres programmes dâĂ©tudes postsecondaires cherchant Ă dĂ©finir le rĂŽle et la contribution de leurs disciplines Ă lâĂ©gard de diffĂ©rents dĂ©fis liĂ©s au dĂ©veloppement durable
Accounting for hydro-climatic and water use variability in the assessment of past and future water balance at the basin scale
International audienceThis study assesses water stress by 2050 in river basins facing increasing human and climatic pressures, by comparing the impacts of various combinations of possible future socio-economic and climate trends. A modelling framework integrating human and hydro-climatic dynamics and accounting for interactions between resource and demand at a 10-day time step was developed and applied in two basins of different sizes and with contrasted water uses: the Herault (2500 km2, France) and the Ebro (85 000 km2, Spain) basins. Natural streamflow was evaluated using a conceptual hydrological model (GR4j). A demand-driven reservoir management model was designed to account for streamflow regulations from the main dams. Urban water demand was estimated from time series of population and monthly unit water consumption data. Agricultural water demand was computed from time series of irrigated area, crop and soil data, and climate forcing. Indicators comparing water supply to demand at strategic resource and demand nodes were computed. This framework was successfully calibrated and validated under non-stationary human and hydro-climatic conditions over the last 40 years before being applied under four combinations of climatic and water use scenarios to differentiate the impacts of climate- and human-induced changes on streamflow and water balance. Climate simulations from the CMIP5 exercise were used to generate 18 climate scenarios at the 2050 horizon. A baseline water use scenario for 2050 was designed based on demographic and local socio-economic trends. Results showed that projected water uses are not sustainable under climate change scenarios
Modélisation des pollutions agricoles avec SWAT : application à des bassins versants de taille moyenne dans les Pays de la Loire
Nous prĂ©sentons dans ce papier une utilisation du modĂšle agro-hydrologique semi-distribuĂ© : SWATÂź. Ce modĂšle, interfacĂ© avec un SystĂšme d'Information GĂ©ographique nĂ©cessite des donnĂ©es spatialisĂ©es et permet d'estimer les flux de polluants Ă l'Ă©chelle de grands bassins versants. Une premiĂšre Ă©tape est de mobiliser des donnĂ©es appropriĂ©es (relief, pĂ©dologie, occupation des sols, pratiques agricoles, mĂ©tĂ©orologie), puis de procĂ©der Ă la calibration et Ă la validation du modĂšle. Il nous est ensuite possible de spatialiser les rĂ©sultats de modĂ©lisation afin de constituer des indicateurs pertinents de risques et de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© du territoire Ă©tudiĂ©. Par ailleurs, la possibilitĂ© de tests de scĂ©narios nous semble particuliĂšrement utile dans des dĂ©marches prospectives oĂč les acteurs cherchent Ă optimiser la localisation et le choix des actions Ă mettre en place pour amĂ©liorer la qualitĂ© de l'eau
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