12,458 research outputs found
Performance of the OPAL Si-W luminometer at LEP I-II
A pair of compact Silicon-Tungsten calorimeters was operated in the OPAL
experiment at LEP to measure the integrated luminosity from detection of Bhabha
electrons scattered at angles between 25 and 58 mrad from the beam line. In the
eight years from 1993 to 2000 the detector worked first at the Z mass peak and
then at center of mass energies up to 209 GeV. The fine radial and longitudinal
segmentation (2.5mm x 1X0) allowed the radial position of electron and photon
showers to be measured with a resolution of 130-170 microns and a residual
radial bias as small as 7 microns. Reducing the bias in the definition of the
inner acceptance radius was the key element in obtaining an experimental
systematic error on the integrated luminosity of only 3.4 10^-4. The
performance of the detector at both LEP-I and LEP-II is reviewed. Energy
resolution, sensitivity to overlapping electromagnetic showers and sensitivity
to minimum ionizing particles are discussed.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, 10th International Conference on Calorimetry in
High Energy Physics. http://3w.hep.caltech.edu/calor02
Monte Carlo computer simulations of Venus equilibrium and global resurfacing models
Two models have been proposed for the resurfacing history of Venus: (1) equilibrium resurfacing and (2) global resurfacing. The equilibrium model consists of two cases: in case 1, areas less than or equal to 0.03 percent of the planet are spatially randomly resurfaced at intervals of less than or greater than 150,000 yr to produce the observed spatially random distribution of impact craters and average surface age of about 500 m.y.; and in case 2, areas greater than or equal to 10 percent of the planet are resurfaced at intervals of greater than or equal to 50 m.y. The global resurfacing model proposes that the entire planet was resurfaced about 500 m.y. ago, destroying the preexisting crater population and followed by significantly reduced volcanism and tectonism. The present crater population has accumulated since then with only 4 percent of the observed craters having been embayed by more recent lavas. To test the equilibrium resurfacing model we have run several Monte Carlo computer simulations for the two proposed cases. It is shown that the equilibrium resurfacing model is not a valid model for an explanation of the observed crater population characteristics or Venus' resurfacing history. The global resurfacing model is the most likely explanation for the characteristics of Venus' cratering record. The amount of resurfacing since that event, some 500 m.y. ago, can be estimated by a different type of Monte Carolo simulation. To date, our initial simulation has only considered the easiest case to implement. In this case, the volcanic events are randomly distributed across the entire planet and, therefore, contrary to observation, the flooded craters are also randomly distributed across the planet
A Side of Mercury Not Seen By Mariner 10
More than 60,000 images of Mercury were taken at ~29 deg elevation during two
sunrises, at 820 nm, and through a 1.35 m diameter off-axis aperture on the
SOAR telescope. The sharpest resolve 0.2" (140 km) and cover 190-300 deg
longitude -- a swath unseen by the Mariner 10 spacecraft -- at complementary
phase angles to previous ground-based optical imagery. Our view is comparable
to that of the Moon through weak binoculars. Evident are the large crater
Mozart shadowed on the terminator, fresh rayed craters, and other albedo
features keyed to topography and radar reflectivity, including the putative
huge ``Basin S'' on the limb. Classical bright feature Liguria resolves across
the northwest boundary of the Caloris basin into a bright splotch centered on a
sharp, 20 km diameter radar crater, and is the brightest feature within a
prominent darker ``cap'' (Hermean feature Solitudo Phoenicis) that covers the
northern hemisphere between longitudes 140-250 deg. The cap may result from
space weathering that darkens via a magnetically enhanced flux of the solar
wind, or that reddens low latitudes via high solar insolation.Comment: 7 pages, 4 PDF figures, pdfLaTeX, typos corrected, Fig. 2 modified
slightly to add crater diameters not given in published versio
Impact craters on Venus: An overview from Magellan observations
Magellan has revealed an ensemble of impact craters on Venus that is unique in many important ways. We have compiled a database describing 842 craters on 89 percent of the planet's surface mapped through orbit 2578 (the craters range in diameter from 1.5 to 280 km). We have studied the distribution, size-frequency, morphology, and geology of these craters both in aggregate and, for some craters, in more detail. We have found the following: (1) the spatial distribution of craters is highly uniform; (2) the size-density distribution of craters with diameters greater than or equal to 35 km is consistent with a 'production' population having a surprisingly young age of about 0.5 Ga (based on the estimated population of Venus-crossing asteroids); (3) the spectrum of crater modification differs greatly from that on other planets--62 percent of all craters are pristine, only 4 percent volcanically embayed, and the remainder affected by tectonism, but none are severely and progressively depleted based on size-density distribution extrapolated from larger craters; (4) large craters have a progression of morphologies generally similar to those on other planets, but small craters are typically irregular or multiple rather than bowl shaped; (5) diffuse radar-bright or -dark features surround some craters, and about 370 similar diffuse 'splotches' with no central crater are observed whose size-density distribution is similar to that of small craters; and (6) other features unique to Venus include radar-bright or -dark parabolic arcs opening westward and extensive outflows originating in crater ejecta
GRB 030329: 3 years of radio afterglow monitoring
Radio observations of gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows are essential for our
understanding of the physics of relativistic blast waves, as they enable us to
follow the evolution of GRB explosions much longer than the afterglows in any
other wave band. We have performed a three-year monitoring campaign of GRB
030329 with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescopes (WSRT) and the Giant
Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT). Our observations, combined with observations
at other wavelengths, have allowed us to determine the GRB blast wave physical
parameters, such as the total burst energy and the ambient medium density, as
well as investigate the jet nature of the relativistic outflow. Further, by
modeling the late-time radio light curve of GRB 030329, we predict that the
Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR, 30-240 MHz) will be able to observe afterglows of
similar GRBs, and constrain the physics of the blast wave during its
non-relativistic phase.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, vol.365, p.1241,
proceedings of the Royal Society Scientific Discussion Meeting, London,
September 200
On The Effect of Giant Planets on the Scattering of Parent Bodies of Iron Meteorite from the Terrestrial Planet Region into the Asteroid Belt: A Concept Study
In their model for the origin of the parent bodies of iron meteorites, Bottke
et al proposed differentiated planetesimals that were formed in the region of
1-2 AU during the first 1.5 Myr, as the parent bodies, and suggested that these
objects and their fragments were scattered into the asteroid belt as a result
of interactions with planetary embryos. Although viable, this model does not
include the effect of a giant planet that might have existed or been growing in
the outer regions. We present the results of a concept study where we have
examined the effect of a planetary body in the orbit of Jupiter on the early
scattering of planetesimals from terrestrial region into the asteroid belt. We
integrated the orbits of a large battery of planetesimals in a disk of
planetary embryos, and studied their evolutions for different values of the
mass of the planet. Results indicate that when the mass of the planet is
smaller than 10 Earth-masses, its effects on the interactions among
planetesimals and planetary embryos is negligible. However, when the planet
mass is between 10 and 50 Earth-masses, simulations point to a transitional
regime with ~50 Earth-mass being the value for which the perturbing effect of
the planet can no longer be ignored. Simulations also show that further
increase of the mass of the planet strongly reduces the efficiency of the
scattering of planetesimals from the terrestrial planet region into the
asteroid belt. We present the results of our simulations and discuss their
possible implications for the time of giant planet formation.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Mercury
Prior to the flight of the Mariner 10 spacecraft, Mercury was the least investigated and most poorly known terrestrial planet (Kuiper 1970, Devine 1972). Observational difficulties caused by its proximity to the Sun as viewed from Earth caused the planet to remain a small, vague disk exhibiting little surface contrast or details, an object for which only three major facts were known: 1. its bulk density is similar to that of Venus and Earth, much greater than that of Mars and the Moon; 2. its surface reflects electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths in the same manner as the Moon (taking into account differences in their solar distances); and 3. its rotation period is in 2/3 resonance with its orbital period. Images obtained during the flyby by Mariner 10 on 29 March 1974 (and the two subsequent flybys on 21 September 1974 and 16 March 1975) revealed Mercury's surface in detail equivalent to that available for the Moon during the early 1960's from Earth-based telescopic views. Additionally, however, information was obtained on the planet's mass and size, atmospheric composition and density, charged-particle environment, and infrared thermal radiation from the surface, and most significantly of all, the existence of a planetary magnetic field that is probably intrinsic to Mercury was established. In the following, this new information is summarized together with results from theoretical studies and ground-based observations. In the quantum jumps of knowledge that have been characteristic of "space-age" exploration, the previously obscure body of Mercury has suddenly come into sharp focus. It is very likely a differentiated body, probably contains a large Earth-like iron-rich core, and displays a surface remarkably similar to that of the Moon, which suggests a similar evolutionary history
Development of Readout Interconnections for the Si-W Calorimeter of SiD
The SiD collaboration is developing a Si-W sampling electromagnetic
calorimeter, with anticipated application for the International Linear
Collider. Assembling the modules for such a detector will involve special
bonding technologies for the interconnections, especially for attaching a
silicon detector wafer to a flex cable readout bus. We review the interconnect
technologies involved, including oxidation removal processes, pad surface
preparation, solder ball selection and placement, and bond quality assurance.
Our results show that solder ball bonding is a promising technique for the Si-W
ECAL, and unresolved issues are being addressed.Comment: 8 pages + title, 6 figure
- …