3,045 research outputs found
Gyrokinetic studies of the effect of beta on drift-wave stability in NCSX
The gyrokinetic turbulence code GS2 was used to investigate the effects of
plasma beta on linear, collisionless ion temperature gradient (ITG) modes and
trapped electron modes (TEM) in National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX)
geometry. Plasma beta affects stability in two ways: through the equilibrium
and through magnetic fluctuations. The first was studied here by comparing ITG
and TEM stability in two NCSX equilibria of differing beta values, revealing
that the high beta equilibrium was marginally more stable than the low beta
equilibrium in the adiabatic-electron ITG mode case. However, the high beta
case had a lower kinetic-electron ITG mode critical gradient. Electrostatic and
electromagnetic ITG and TEM mode growth rate dependencies on temperature
gradient and density gradient were qualitatively similar. The second beta
effect is demonstrated via electromagnetic ITG growth rates' dependency on
GS2's beta input parameter. A linear benchmark with gyrokinetic codes GENE and
GKV-X is also presented.Comment: Submitted to Physics of Plasmas. 9 pages, 27 figure
Projectile-shape dependence of impact craters in loose granular media
We report on the penetration of cylindrical projectiles dropped from rest
into a dry, noncohesive granular medium. The cylinder length, diameter,
density, and tip shape are all explicitly varied. For deep penetrations, as
compared to the cylinder diameter, the data collapse onto a single scaling law
that varies as the 1/3 power of the total drop distance, the 1/2 power of
cylinder length, and the 1/6 power of cylinder diameter. For shallow
penetrations, the projectile shape plays a crucial role with sharper objects
penetrating deeper.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures; experimen
Dynamics of grain ejection by sphere impact on a granular bed
The dynamics of grain ejection consecutive to a sphere impacting a granular
material is investigated experimentally and the variations of the
characteristics of grain ejection with the control parameters are
quantitatively studied. The time evolution of the corona formed by the ejected
grains is reported, mainly in terms of its diameter and height, and favourably
compared with a simple ballistic model. A key characteristic of the granular
corona is that the angle formed by its edge with the horizontal granular
surface remains constant during the ejection process, which again can be
reproduced by the ballistic model. The number and the kinetic energy of the
ejected grains is evaluated and allows for the calculation of an effective
restitution coefficient characterizing the complex collision process between
the impacting sphere and the fine granular target. The effective restitution
coefficient is found to be constant when varying the control parameters.Comment: 9 page
An Enhanced Nonlinear Critical Gradient for Electron Turbulent Transport due to Reversed Magnetic Shear
The first nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of electron internal transport
barriers (e-ITBs) in the National Spherical Torus Experiment show that reversed
magnetic shear can suppress thermal transport by increasing the nonlinear
critical gradient for electron-temperature-gradient-driven turbulence to three
times its linear critical value. An interesting feature of this turbulence is
nonlinearly driven off-midplane radial streamers. This work reinforces the
experimental observation that magnetic shear is likely an effective way of
triggering and sustaining e-ITBs in magnetic fusion devices.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
An Enhanced Nonlinear Critical Gradient for Electron Turbulent Transport due to Reversed Magnetic Shear
The first nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of electron internal transport
barriers (e-ITBs) in the National Spherical Torus Experiment show that reversed
magnetic shear can suppress thermal transport by increasing the nonlinear
critical gradient for electron-temperature-gradient-driven turbulence to three
times its linear critical value. An interesting feature of this turbulence is
nonlinearly driven off-midplane radial streamers. This work reinforces the
experimental observation that magnetic shear is likely an effective way of
triggering and sustaining e-ITBs in magnetic fusion devices.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
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Balancing competing policy demands: the case of sustainable public sector food procurement.
A focus on market-based green growth strategies to pursue sustainability goals neglects the pursuit of understanding how human health is interwoven with the health of eco-systems to deliver sustainability goals. The article argues that clarifying the difference between green and sustainable public sector food procurement, with political continuity that supports and enables policymakers and practitioners to take an incremental approach to change, makes an important contribution to delivering more sustainable food systems and better public health nutrition. Five European case studies demonstrate the reality of devising and implementing innovative approaches to sustainable public sector food procurement and the effects of cultural and political framings. How legislation is enacted at the national level and interpreted at the local level is a key driver for sustainable procurement. Transition is dependent on political will and leadership and an infrastructure that can balance the economic, environmental and social drivers to effect change. The development of systems and indicators to measure change, reforms to EU directives on procurement, and the relationship between green growth strategies and sustainable diets are also discussed. The findings show the need to explore how consistent definitions for green public procurement and sustainable public procurement can be refined and standardized in order to support governments at all levels in reviewing and analyzing their current food procurement strategies and practices to improve sustainability
Simulating Gyrokinetic Microinstabilities in Stellarator Geometry with GS2
The nonlinear gyrokinetic code GS2 has been extended to treat
non-axisymmetric stellarator geometry. Electromagnetic perturbations and
multiple trapped particle regions are allowed. Here, linear, collisionless,
electrostatic simulations of the quasi-axisymmetric, three-field period
National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) design QAS3-C82 have been
successfully benchmarked against the eigenvalue code FULL. Quantitatively, the
linear stability calculations of GS2 and FULL agree to within ~10%.Comment: Submitted to Physics of Plasmas. 9 pages, 14 figure
Preparation and In Vitro Release of Drug-Loaded Microparticlesfor Oral Delivery Using Wholegrain Sorghum Kafirin Protein
Kafirin microparticles have been proposed as an oral nutraceutical and drug delivery system. This study investigates microparticles formed with kafirin extracted from white and raw versus cooked red sorghum grains as an oral delivery system. Targeted delivery to the colon would be beneficial for medication such as prednisolone, which is used in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, prednisolone was loaded into microparticles of kafirin from the different sources using phase separation. Differences were observed in the protein content, in vitro protein digestibility, and protein electrophoretic profile of the various sources of sorghum grains, kafirin extracts, and kafirin microparticles. For all of the formulations, the majority of the loaded prednisolone was not released in in vitro conditions simulating the upper gastrointestinal tract, indicating that most of the encapsulated drug could reach the target area of the lower gastrointestinal tract. This suggests that these kafirin microparticles may have potential as a colon-targeted nutraceutical and drug delivery system
Coupled-barrier diffusion: the case of oxygen in silicon
Oxygen migration in silicon corresponds to an apparently simple jump between
neighboring bridge sites. Yet, extensive theoretical calculations have so far
produced conflicting results and have failed to provide a satisfactory account
of the observed eV activation energy. We report a comprehensive set of
first-principles calculations that demonstrate that the seemingly simple oxygen
jump is actually a complex process involving coupled barriers and can be
properly described quantitatively in terms of an energy hypersurface with a
``saddle ridge'' and an activation energy of eV. Earlier
calculations correspond to different points or lines on this hypersurface.Comment: 4 Figures available upon request. Accepted for publication in Phys.
Rev. Let
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