Performance Comparisons of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically form a network temporarily without any support of central administration. Moreover, Every node in MANET moves arbitrarily making the multi-hop network topology to change randomly at unpredictable times. There are several familiar routing protocols like DSDV, AODV, DSR, etc...which have been proposed for providing communication among all the nodes in the network. This paper presents a performance comparison of proactive and reactive protocols DSDV, AODV and DSR based on metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay by using the NS-2 simulator.Comment: 9 Pages,10 Figures, 3 Table

Randomized Clinical Trial of High-Dose Rifampicin With or Without Levofloxacin Versus Standard of Care for Pediatric Tuberculous Meningitis: The TBM-KIDS Trial

Background. Pediatric tuberculous meningitis (TBM) commonly causes death or disability. In adults, high-dose rifampicin may reduce mortality. The role of fluoroquinolones remains unclear. There have been no antimicrobial treatment trials for pediatric TBM. Methods. TBM-KIDS was a phase 2 open-label randomized trial among children with TBM in India and Malawi. Participants received isoniazid and pyrazinamide plus: (i) high-dose rifampicin (30 mg/kg) and ethambutol (R30HZE, arm 1); (ii) high-dose rifampicin and levofloxacin (R30HZL, arm 2); or (iii) standard-dose rifampicin and ethambutol (R15HZE, arm 3) for 8 weeks, followed by 10 months of standard treatment. Functional and neurocognitive outcomes were measured longitudinally using Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) and Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). Results. Of 2487 children prescreened, 79 were screened and 37 enrolled. Median age was 72 months; 49%, 43%, and 8% had stage I, II, and III disease, respectively. Grade 3 or higher adverse events occurred in 58%, 55%, and 36% of children in arms 1, 2, and 3, with 1 death (arm 1) and 6 early treatment discontinuations (4 in arm 1, 1 each in arms 2 and 3). By week 8, all children recovered to MRS score of 0 or 1. Average MSEL scores were significantly better in arm 1 than arm 3 in fine motor, receptive language, and expressive language domains (P < .01). Conclusions. In a pediatric TBM trial, functional outcomes were excellent overall. The trend toward higher frequency of adverse events but better neurocognitive outcomes in children receiving high-dose rifampicin requires confirmation in a larger trial. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02958709

Energy Efficient Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Distributed Dynamic Load Balanced Clustering Scheme

Cognitive Radio (CR) is a promising and potential technique to enable secondary users (SUs) or unlicenced users to exploit the unused spectrum resources effectively possessed by primary users (PUs) or licenced users. The proven clustering approach is used to organize nodes in the network into the logical groups to attain energy efficiency, network scalability, and stability for improving the sensing accuracy in CR through cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS). In this paper, a distributed dynamic load balanced clustering (DDLBC) algorithm is proposed. In this algorithm, each member in the cluster is to calculate the cooperative gain, residual energy, distance, and sensing cost from the neighboring clusters to perform the optimal decision. Each member in a cluster participates in selecting a cluster head (CH) through cooperative gain, and residual energy that minimises network energy consumption and enhances the channel sensing. First, we form the number of clusters using the Markov decision process (MDP) model to reduce the energy consumption in a network. In this algorithm, CR users effectively utilize the PUs reporting time slots of unavailability. The simulation results reveal that the clusters convergence, energy efficiency, and accuracy of channel sensing increased considerably by using the proposed algorithm

Multiobjective Variable Neighborhood Search algorithm for scheduling independent jobs on computational grid

Grid computing solves high performance and high-throughput computing problems through sharing resources ranging from personal computers to super computers distributed around the world. As the grid environments facilitate distributed computation, the scheduling of grid jobs has become an important issue. In this paper, an investigation on implementing Multiobjective Variable Neighborhood Search (MVNS) algorithm for scheduling independent jobs on computational grid is carried out. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated with Min–Min algorithm, Simulated Annealing (SA) and Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP) algorithm. Simulation results show that MVNS algorithm generally performs better than other metaheuristics methods

DAG Scheduling in Heterogeneous Computing and Grid Environments Using Variable Neighborhood Search Algorithm

DAG scheduling is a process that plans and supervises the execution of interdependent tasks on heterogeneous computing resources. Efficient task scheduling is one of the important factors to improve the performance of heterogeneous computing systems. In this paper, an investigation on implementing Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) algorithm for scheduling dependent jobs on heterogeneous computing and grid environments is carried out. Hybrid Two PHase VNS (HTPHVNS) DAG scheduling algorithm has been proposed. The performance of the VNS and HTPHVNS algorithm has been evaluated with Genetic Algorithm and Heterogeneous Earliest Finish Time algorithm. Simulation results show that VNS and HTPHVNS algorithm generally perform better than other meta-heuristics methods

CALOTROPIS PROCERA LEAF AND SEED EXTRACTS AS AN EFFECTIVE AGENTS AGAINST THE LARVAE OF CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS

The larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Calotropis procera against the immature stages of Culex quinquefasciatus was determined. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h exposure. Ethanol extract of C. procera seed was found to have high larvicidal and pupicidal potency