Effects of Temperature on the Toxicity to the Aquatic Biota of Waste Discharges - A Compilation of the Literature

An extensive compiliation and general evaluation of the literature is presented which describes the temperature interaction with toxicity. Recent literature is summarized and made accessible along with a few generalized relationships such that researchers may design studies in a manner that will increase the utility of their results. A detailed indexing system is employed which makes the information contained in the report accessible by author, toxicant, and text organism. Summary tables of the most pertinent literature are also presented for easy subject retrieval. It was concluded that very little uniformity in experimental design is found between experiments on temperature-toxicity relationships, and a generalized summary of the results presented in th eliterature is essentially impossible because of the inconsistencies in experimental designs. The utilization of standard bioassay procedures is highly recommened, and these procedures should be applied to experimental designs which allow the estimation of parameters related to the theoretical effects of temperature

The patient experience with shared decision-making in lung cancer: A survey of patients, significant others or care givers

A survey (via SurveyMonkey) was sent to lung cancer patients, their caregivers or significant others asking about their experience in making difficult treatment decisions. Of the 198 respondents, 118 (69%) indicated that they had faced a difficult decision with respect to their lung cancer treatment. Of those, 73% indicated that they would have desired that the decision be made with their physician using a shared decision-making process, and 58% perceived that such a process had occurred. In addition, only 23% of respondents indicated that they had had the right amount of information when making the decision. Fortunately, only 9% of respondents expressed regret regarding the decision they ultimately made. A Patient Decision Aid (PDA) was made available to the respondents to view, and opinions were sought regarding the usefulness of this type of format for presenting information. This format was perceived as helpful, unsure if helpful, or not helpful by 62%, 36%, and 2% of respondents, respectively. In summary, the majority of lung cancer patients want to make difficult decisions using a shared decision-making process. The patient perception is that this is not occurring often enough. Even in this fairly well-educated group of respondents, many report that they are not sure that they have all the information necessary to make that difficult decision. Physicians may need help developing their communication and shared decision-making skills. Introducing PDAs into the oncology clinic may represent a way to present complex information and improve the patient experience

Struktur Komunitas Teripang (Holothuroidea) Di Kawasan Pantai Desa Ondong Kecamatan Siau Barat Kabupaten Siau Tagulandang Biaro1

Sea cucumbers is a group of marine invertebrates belonging to class holothuroidea. At this time, the hunting for sea cucumber is not just targetted on the expensive species, but also the cheap one. The exploitation pressure has caused population decline which can cause changes in their community structure. This research was aimed to understand the types of sea cucumber, analyze the structure of the community sea cucumber which includes the density of individuals, diversity index, the dominance index, interspecific and the dispersion pattern. Sample collection was done at night at the lowest tide in December, 2013. Based on the research activities in the coastal areas of Ondong, west Siau district, Siau-Tagulandang-Biaro regency, 7 species of holothuroidea were found : Holothuria atra, Holothuria leucospilota, Actinopyga echinites, Actinopyga lecanora, Bohadschia argus, Bohadschia marmorata and bohadschia vitiensis, respectively with mean individual density of 0.797 ind/m2, diversity index (H' = 1.718), equity index or harmony (e = 0. 883), dominance index (C = 0.218), interspecific association between 7 species forming 5 pairs of positive associations and 16 pairs of negative association andrandomdistribution

Community Structure of Sea Cucumber (Holothuroidea) in the Coastal Area of the Island of Jailolo Subdistrict Nyaregilaguramangofa South Halmahera Regency West of North Maluku

Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) are a group of marine invertebrate animals of the class Holothuroidea (phylum Echinodermata). At present, hunting of sea cucumbers is not only targeted at species of high economic value, but also of low economic value. The pressure of exploitation has led to a decline in the population that can cause changes in the structure of the community. The purpose of this research is to understand the type of sea cucumber, analyze the structure of sea cucumber which includes individual density, diversity index, domination index, inter species association and dispersion pattern. Sampling was conducted at night during the lowest tide in April 2016. Based on the results of research conducted in the coastal area of Nyaregilaguramangofa Island, South Jailolo district, West Halmahera Regency, North Maluku. Species of sea cucumbers found in the study sites were 6 species of sea cucumber: Holothuria atra, Holothuria hilla, Holothuria scabra, Bohadschia marmorata, Bohadschia vitiensis and Ophedesoma grisea, each with an average individual density of 0.029 ind/m2, the diversity index (H \u27= 1,495), the fairness index (e = 0.834), the dominance index (C = 0.260), the association between the six species forming 4 pairs of positive associations and 11 pairs of negative associations and the entire population has a randomly distributed pattern

Karakteristik Morfometrik Dan Faktor Kondisi Kerang Totok (Polymesoda Erosa) Di Hutan Mangrove Desa Nusajaya Kecamatan Waslei Selatan Kabupaten Halmahera Timur Maluku Utara

Clam, Polymesoda erosa is species that live in sandy and muddy substrata of mangrove ecosystem. The aims of this study are to look at the relationship of the shell length and width,body thiekness, body weight and organ weight based on class size to determine the growth. The study also was designed to reveal the conditional factor based on the clam class size. The samples were collected during the day at lowest tide in January 2014. The total is 153 individuals of Polymesoda erosa clam were collected during the study. The result shows thare is a strong positive relationship between body lenght and body weight as shown within the regression analysis with intercept (a) = 0,470779, regression coefficient (b) = 0,69095 and correlation coefficient (r) = 0,406357. Based on the r value, it can be concluded that there is strong relationship regarding the length and weight increment as much as 40,63 %

Sea cucumber community in the coastal area of the Bahoi Village,West Likupang Sub-district, North Minahasa District

This research is conducted in the coastal waters of Bahoi Village, West Likupang Sub-district, North Minahasa District with the aims to know the types of sea-related environmental factors in the research site and know the community structure of the sea cucumber including the density, Index of diversity, dominance index, and distribution patterns. Data collection was done by using the line transect method, and sampling technique by using quadrat. The results of the study found 5 species of sea cucumber i.e. Holothuria atra,  Holothuria scabra,  Bohadschia marmorata, Actinopyga echinites, and  Bohadschia vitiensis. The individual density of all species is 0.12 ind/m2, and the diversity index (H ') 0.950. The value of the similarity index/compatibility obtained is e = 0.918. The result of the calculated dominance index of sea cucumber species is 1.0 and the pattern of spreading species of sea cucumber in the research site shows a random spread pattern because the value of dispersion index  (I) approaches 1 (one). Keywords: community; Sea cucumber; Bahoi; Dominance; Diversity.AbstrakPenelitian ini dilakukan di perairan pantai desa Bahoi, Kecamatan Likupang Barat, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis teripang yang ada di lokasi penelitian dan mengetahui struktur komunitas teripang yang meliputi kepadatan, indeks keanekaragaman, indeks dominasi, dan pola penyebaran. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode line transek, dan teknik pengambilan sampel dengan mengunakan kuadrat. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 5 spesies teripang yaitu Holothuria atra, Holothuria scabra, Bohadschia marmorata, Actinopyga echinites dan Bohadschia vitiensis. Kepadatan individu dari seluruh spesies yaitu 0,12 ind/m2, indeks keanekaragaman (H’) 0,950. Nilai indeks kemerataan/keserasian diperoleh nilai indeks e = 0,918. nilai indeks dominasi spesies teripang diperoleh 1,0 dan pola penyebaran spesies teripang dilokasi penelitian menunjukkan pola sebaran acak (random) dikarenakan nilai indeks dispersi (I) mendekati 1 (satu).Kata Kunci : Komunitas; Teripang; Perairan Bahoi; Dominasi; Keanekaragama

Bianchi VIII Empty Futures

Using a qualitative analysis based on the Hamiltonian formalism and the orthonormal frame representation we investigate whether the chaotic behaviour which occurs close to the initial singularity is still present in the far future of Bianchi VIII models. We describe some features of the vacuum Bianchi VIII models at late times which might be relevant for studying the nature of the future asymptote of the general vacuum inhomogeneous solution to the Einstein field equations.Comment: 22 pages, no figures, Latex fil

A Search for Variable Stars in the Globular Cluster M4 with K2

We extract light curves for 4554 objects with $9<G<19$ in the K2 superstamp observations of the globular cluster M4, including 3784 cluster members, and search for variability. Among cluster member objects, we detect 66 variables, of which 52 are new discoveries. Among objects not belonging to the cluster, we detect 24 variables, of which 20 are new discoveries. We additionally discover 57 cluster-member suspected variables, 10 cluster-non-member suspected variables, and four variables with ambiguous cluster membership. Our light curves reach sub-millimagnitude precision for the cluster horizontal branch, permitting us to detect asteroseismic activity in six horizontal branch stars outside the instability strip and one inside the strip but with only ~1 mmag amplitude variability. 19 additional stars along the red giant branch also have detected asteroseismic variability. Several eclipsing binaries are found in the cluster, including a 4.6-day detached eclipsing binary and an EW-class eclipsing binary, as well as an EW with uncertain cluster membership and three other candidate EWs. A 22-day detached eclipsing binary is also found outside the cluster. We identify a candidate X-ray binary that is a cluster member with quiescent and periodic ~20 mmag optical variability. We also obtain high-precision light curves for ten of the previously known RR Lyrae variables in the cluster and identify one as a candidate Blazhko variable with a Blazhko period in excess of 78 days. We make our light curves publicly available.Comment: 48 pages, 21 figures, 5 tables; online material: Table 1 and light curve data; accepted for publication in ApJ