A steady flow of MHD Maxwell viscoelastic fluid on a flat porous plate with the outcome of radiation and heat generation

Maxwell fluids display viscous flow on a long timescale but exhibit additional elastic resistance during rapid deformations. Among various types of rate-type fluids, the Maxwell fluid has achieved prominence in numerous study fields. This viscoelastic fluid has viscous and elastic properties. Due to their reduced complexity, this Maxwell fluid is utilized used in the polymeric industries. We have established a mathematical model based on the applications. This article examines the mathematical and graphical analysis for steady-state magnetohydrodynamic flow in a horizontal flat plate of Maxwell viscoelastic fluid for a permeable medium with heat and thermal radiation. The non-dimensional and similarity transformation used to frame the partial differential equations with restored ordinary differential equations. The shooting technique is originated to find solutions to nonlinear boundary value problems with the help of MATLAB software via the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method. The primary idea behind this strategy is to change the boundary conditions of boundary value problems into initial value problems. Several plots illustrate the leading parameters such as Prandtl number (Pr), Deborah number (De), Eckert number (Ec), heat generation (Q), radiation (Rd), Lewis number (Le), magnetic parameter (M), and thermal slip condition (β) on the velocity profile and energy transfer behaviour. We validated our results with published work. The most significant impact of this study is that the Nusselt number drops as the Eckert number rises and climbs when heat radiation increases. The skin friction coefficient increases as Deborah number increases

Differential mortality in Iran

Background: Among the available data provided by health information systems, data on mortality are commonly used not only as health indicators but also as socioeconomic development indices. Recognizing that in Iran accurate data on causes of death were not available, the Deputy of Health in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOH&ME) established a new comprehensive system for death registration which started in one province (Bushehr) as a pilot in 1997, and was subsequently expanded to include all other provinces, except Tehran province. These data can be used to investigate the nature and extent of differences in mortality in Iran. The objective of this paper is to estimate provincial differences in the level of mortality using this death registration system. Methods: Data from the death registration system for 2004 for each province were evaluated for data completeness, and life tables were created for provinces after correction for under-enumeration of death registration. For those provinces where it was not possible to adjust the data on adult deaths by using the Brass Growth Balance method, adult mortality was predicted based on adult literacy using information from provinces with reliable data. Results: Child mortality (risk of a newborn dying before age 5, or q) in 2004 varied between 47 per 1000 live births for both sexes in Sistan and Baluchistan province, and 25 per 1000 live births in Tehran and Gilan provinces. For adults, provincial differences in mortality were much greater for males than females. Adult mortality (risk of dying between ages 15 and 60, or 45q15) for females varied between 0.133 in Kerman province and 0.117 in Tehran province; for males the range was from 0.218 in Kerman to 0.149 in Tehran province. Life expectancy for females was highest in Tehran province (73.8 years) and lowest in Sistan and Baluchistan (70.9 years). For males, life expectancy ranged from 65.7 years in Sistan and Baluchistan province to 70.9 years in Tehran. Conclusion: Substantial differences in survival exist among the provinces of Iran. While the completeness of the death registration system operated by the Iranian MOH&ME appears to be acceptable in the majority of provinces, further efforts are needed to improve the quality of data on mortality in Iran, and to expand death registration to Tehran province

Frequency and clinical patterns of stroke in Iran - Systematic and critical review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cerebrovascular disease is the second commonest cause of death, and over a third of stroke deaths occur in developing countries. To fulfil the current gap on data, this systematic review is focused on the frequency of stroke, risk factors, stroke types and mortality in Iran.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Thirteen relevant articles were identified by keyword searching of PubMed, Iranmedex, Iranian University index Libraries and the official national data on burden of diseases.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The publication dates ranged from 1990 to 2008. The annual stroke incidence of various ages ranged from 23 to 103 per 100,000 population. This is comparable to the figures from Arab Countries, higher than sub-Saharan Africa, but lower than developed countries, India, the Caribbean, Latin America, and China. Similarly to other countries, ischaemic stroke was the commonest subtype. Likewise, the most common related risk factor is hypertension in adults, but cardiac causes in young stroke. The 28-day case fatality rate is reported at 19-31%.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Data on the epidemiology of stroke, its pattern and risk factors from Iran is scarce, but the available data highlights relatively low incidence of stroke. This may reflect a similarity towards the neighbouring nations, and a contrast with the West.</p

Heat generation effects on Magnetohydrodynamic Powell-Eyring fluid flow along a vertical surface with a Chemical reaction

This work examines the influence of double diffusion on MHD Powell-Eyring fluid flow with free convection through a vertical surface. In addition, the impacts of chemical reaction, heat generation, local magnetic field, Grashof number and local modified Grashof number parameters are considered. The analysis of double diffusive in the occurrence of fluid flow under the convective surface conditions is studied. To translate the governing PDEs of velocity, energy and species (solutal) concentration equation, a couple of nonlinear ODEs we relate the suitable transformation of similarity. The set of nonlinear ODE's numerically and attained numerical consequences are connected by those gained through the assistance of MATLAB procedure bvp4c. The impact of prominent constraints of chemical reaction, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, heat source parameter, magneto hydrodynamic parameter, on dimension less velocity, energy and solutal (species) concentration dissemination has been considered. Impacts of different parameters such as skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are described through tables

Significance of heat generation and impact of suction/injection on Maxwell fluid over a horizontal plate by the influence of radiation

The current research paper aims to investigate the Maxwell fluid flow over a flat plate under slip conditions and suction/injection parameters. Radiation, velocity slip conditions, and heat generation are also considered for this study. The governing equations are changed into ordinary differential equations with the appropriate similarity transformations. Then these equations are answered using the shooting technique and the Runge-Kutta 4th-order method. The impact of Deborah number (De), suction/ injection (fw), thermal radiation (Rd), viscous dissipation (Ec), velocity slip parameter (λ) and heat generation (Q) are displayed through graphs and tables. The main target of this investigation is to discuss the impact of the Nusselt number profile for the suction parameter (fw) against momentum slip (λ), thermal slip conditions (β) and radiation parameter. Skin friction profile for suction parameter also discussed against Maxwell fluid parameter (De). Numerical findings are compared to previously published research using bvp4c in MATLAB programme. The critical solutions of this study are that the Nusselt number outline increased for increasing the value of momentum slip, radiation parameter and thermal slip conditions. Still, it got decreases for viscous dissipation (Ec) against radiation. Skin friction profile decreased for increasing value of suction parameter against Deborah number

Finite difference analysis on radiative flow on a perpendicular plate using the influence of thermal conductivity

This study aims to investigate the influence of radiation, thermal conductivity and variable viscosity on natural convective flow on a semi-infinite perpendicular plate. Variable viscosity, thermal conductivity and thermal radiation are considered for the given study. The dimensional governing equations are framed with the use of the mentioned parameters and then these equations were converted into dimensionless equations by applying non dimensional quantities. The main aim of this study is to find the Nusselt number and skin friction for both air and water for considered parameters. Using the finite difference method through Fortran software, numerical solutions to the governing heat equations and dimensionless momentum equations were computed. The results for the parameters thermal conductivity, variable viscosity, radiation, and Prandtl number for both air and water are displayed via various graphs. The skin friction coefficients, Nusselt parameter, and local Nusselt numbers were discussed for both the air and water. The key conclusions of this study are that the succeeding velocity declines as the radiation's increases. By increasing the radiation value and the fluctuation time, the temperature distribution increases. Notably, the temperature profile increases significantly when the variable viscosity parameter decreases

Double diffusive on powell eyring fluid flow by mixed convection from an exponential stretching surface with variable viscosity/thermal conductivity

This study delves into heat and mass transference in fluids with variable thermo-physical features, focusing on the Powell-Eyring fluid, a non-Newtonian substance with unique characteristics. Our aim is to understand the behaviour of this shear-thinning fluid when interacting with an exponentially stretchable surface, considering factors like mixed convection and thermal radiation. Our research endeavours to uncover novel findings in this intricate domain, with the primary objective of comprehending how this shear-thinning fluid behaves when it encounters an exponentially stretchable surface. To address the complexities, we employ the BVP4C technique in MATLAB, transforming governing equations into nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) based on mass, linear momentum, and energy conservation principles. The Homotopy method aids in navigating these equations, and numerical solutions are calculated using the powerful BVP4C technique for ordinary differential equations (odes). The research stands out for its comprehensive exploration of the interplay among diverse factors, including radiation, variable viscosity, mixed convection, and activation energy constraints. Findings are presented through tables and graphs, offering valuable insights into the intricate physical phenomena within this multifaceted field

Thermofluid of Maxwellian type past a porous stretching cylinder with heat generation and chemical reaction

This article evaluated the effects of heat generation and the chemical reaction of Maxwell fluid over a porous stretching cylinder. Partial differential equations are framed using the mentioned parameters. The partial differential equations for momentum, heat, and mass are changed using similarity transformations into highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These equations are answered numerically via the Runge-Kutta with the shotting scheme of the 4th order in MATLAB with the help of inbuilt software bvp4c. Results are offered graphically and in tabular format for essential parameters over a velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction coefficient, Sherwood number, and Nusselt number. We checked our coding against an existing article and obtained a good match. The essential findings of this research are that velocity decreases as the permeability parameter rises. It has been observed that a viscoelastic fluid parameter induces a decreasing velocity profile. Due to the Maxwell fluid, porosity, heat generation, and chemical reaction parameters, the thermal profile has been improved. These results have several manufacturing applications, including metal turning, the fabrication of glass filaments, the formation of elastic sheets, wire drawing, the ejection of polymer sheets by oil companies, and the synthesis of polymers