Тафсир Табари к суре «Фатиха». Перевод с арабского и комментарии. Часть 2: айаты 1–3

This article continues a series of publications of the commented translation into Russian of the interpretation to the Surah “al-Fatiha” (No. 1) by the founder of classical Muslim exegesis Muḥammad ibn Jarīr aṭ-Ṭabari (839–923) from the book Jāmi‘ al-bayān fī ta’wīl al-Qur’ān (The Comprehensive Exposition of the interpretation of the Qur’ān). This part contains sections devoted to 1–3 ayats of this surah. Based on examples of pre-Islamic literature and traditions of the “ancient fathers” of the Ummah, the etymology and interpretation of the following words used in them are given here: ḥamd “glory”, rabb “Lord”, ‘alamūn “worlds”, malik “King” and dīn “retribution”. The paper also discusses the word order and the reason for the repetition of the Basmala words “al-raḥmān al-raḥīm” “Merciful, Compassionate” in the 2nd ayah.Настоящая статья продолжает цикл публикаций комментиро ванного перевода на русский язык толкования суры «Фатиха» (№ 1) осно воположником классической мусульманской экзегетики Мухаммадом ибн  Джариром ат- Табари (839–923) из книги Джами‘ ал-байан фи та’вил ал- Кур’ан («Свод изъяснения об истолковании Корана»). Данная часть содержит  разделы, посвященные айатам 1–3 этой суры. На основе примеров доислам ской словесности и преданий «отцов уммы» здесь приводится этимология  и толкования употребляемых в них слов ḥamd — «слава», rabb — «Господь», ‘ālamūn — «миры», malik — «Царь» и dīn — «суд, воздаяние». Также в них рас сматриваются вопросы порядка слов и причина повтора слов «Басмалы» ar-raḥmān ar-raḥīm «Милостивого, Милосердного» во 2-м айате

Тафсир Табари к суре «Фатиха». Перевод с арабского и комментарии. Ч. 1: названия, Исти‘аза и Басмала

This article opens a series of publications of the commented translation into Russian of the interpretation to the Surah “al-Fatiha” (No. 1) by the founder of classical Muslim exegesis Muḥammad ibn Jarīr aṭ-Ṭabari (839–923) from the book “Jāmi‘ al-bayān fī ta’wīl al-Qur’ān” (The Comprehensive Exposition of the interpretation of the Qur’ān). This part contains sections devoted to the names of this surah — “Mother of the Qur’ān” (umm al-qur’an), “Opening the Scripture” (fātiḥat al-kitāb) and “The seven repeatable” (as-sab‘u al-mathānī), as well as the prayer formulas with which the Holy Scripture of Islam begins — Isti‘ādha and Basmalla. In the last sections, special attention is paid to the etymology of the words used in these formulas on the based the examples of preslamic poetry and the traditions of the “ancient fathers” of the Ummah.Настоящая статья открывает цикл публикаций комментированного перевода на русский язык толкования суры «Фатиха» (№ 1) основоположником классической мусульманской экзегетики Мухаммадом ибн Джариром ат-Табари (839–923) из книги Джами‘ ал-байан фи та’вил алКур’ан («Свод изъяснения об истолковании Корана»). Данная часть содержит разделы, посвященные названиям этой суры — «Матерь Корана» (umm al-qur’ān), «Открывающая Писание» (fātiḥat al-kitāb) и «Семь повторяемых» (as-sab‘u almathānī), а также молитвенным формулам, с которых начинается Священное Писание ислама — Исти‘аза и Басмала. В последних разделах особое внимание уделяется вопросу этимологии употребляемых в этих формулах слов, который рассматривается на основе примеров доисламской словесности и преданий «отцов уммы»

Введение к тафсиру Табари. Перевод с арабского и комментарии. Часть третья: об именах Корана, понятиях сура и айат

This publication is the fi nal part of the commented translation into Russian of the Introduction (muqaddimаh) to the tafsir “Jami’ al-bayan fi  ta’wil al- Qur’ān” (The Comprehensive Exposition of the interpretation of the Qur’ān) by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (839–923). This part contains sections devoted to the names of the Qur’ān, the concepts of surah and ayah. The fi rst of them contains the four main names of the holy scripture of Islam —  qur’ān, furqān, kitāb and dhikr, their etymology is defi ned on the basis of pre-Islamic poetry and statements of early Muslim authorities. The following section describes the classifi cation of suras into groups — s even long (sab‘ ṭiwāl), of hundred ayahs (mi’ūn), repeated (mathānī) and divided into parts (mufaṣṣal). The last section talks about the origin of the concepts of surah and ayah.Настоящая публикация представляет собой заключительную часть комментированного перевода на русский язык Введения (мукаддима) к тафасиру Джами‘ ал-байан фи та’вил ал- Кур’ан («Свод изъяснения об истолковании Корана») Мухаммада ибн Джарира ат-Табари (839–923). Данная часть содержит разделы, посвященные именам Корана, понятиям сура и айат. В первом из них приводятся четыре главных имени Священного Писания ислама —  qur’ān, furqān, kitāb и dhikr, рассматривается их этимология на основе доисламской поэзии и в высказываниях ранних мусульманских авторитетов. В следующем разделе описывается классификация сур по группам —  семь длинных (sab‘ ṭiwāl), стоайатные (mi’ūn), повторяемые (mathānī) и разделенное на части (mufaṣṣal). В последнем разделе говорится о происхождении понятий сура и айат

Введение к тафсиру Табари. Перевод с арабского и комментарии. Часть вторая: тафсир

This publication presents the second part of the commented translation into Russian of the Introduction (muqaddima) to the tafasir “Jami‘ al-bayan fī ta’wil al-Qur’an” [The Comprehensive Exposition of the interpretation of the Qur’an] by Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari (839–923). It contains sections dedicated to tafsir. The fi rst of them enumerates three aspects (wujūh) of the interpretation of the Qur’an — (1) the part, which only God knowns — eschatological ayats; (2) the part, whose interpretation is possible only with the support of prophetic traditions — ayats of the Law; and (3) the part, which might be understood by everyone who knows the language of the Qur’an. In the two following sections, groups of traditions about the admissibility and inadmissibility of exegesis are compared. On bases of their analysis, the theologian approves the legitimacy of tafsir. The last section lists the “praiseworthy” and “reprehensible” early commentators on the Holy Scriptures of Islam. Настоящая публикация представляет собой вторую часть комментированного перевода на русский язык Введения (мукаддима) к тафсиру Джами‘ ал-байан фи та’вил ал-Кур’ан («Свод изъяснения об истолковании айатов Корана») Мухаммада ибн Джарира ат-Табари (839–923). Данная часть содержит разделы, посвященные тафсиру. В первом из них говорится о трех аспектах (wujūh) толкования Корана — (1) то, знание чего ведомо лишь Богу, — эсхатологические айаты; (2) то, истолкование чего возможно лишь с опорой на пророческие предания, — айаты Закона; и (3) то, понимание чего доступно каждому, кто владеет языком Корана. В двух последующих разделах сопоставляются группы преданий о допустимости и недопустимости экзегезы, и на основе их анализа богослов доказывает легитимность тафсира. В последнем разделе приводятся перечни ранних комментаторов как «заслуживающих похвалу», и «заслуживающих порицание» Священного Писания ислама.

The first TIPS surgery performed in the Udmurt Republic in a young patient with secondary biliary cirrhosis

Treatment of patients with iatrogenic injuries of the biliary tract is the most difficult and important section in hepatobiliary surgery. When analyzing the causes, it was found that in 70–94 % of cases this type of injury is observed during cholecystectomy. We present a rare clinical case of the development of secondary biliary cirrhosis due to iatrogenic trauma of the biliary tract. This injury caused long-term suffering for the patient due to the further development of complications of cirrhosis, specifically of portal hypertension. The latter caused repeated recurrent profuse bleeding from varicose veins of the esophagus. The use of a minimally invasive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure for the first time in the Udmurt Republic was of particular relevance in solving this problem. This procedure has become a key one in solving the abovementioned problems and will become the preventive measure for the cirrhosis progression in the future. It is also important to focus on prophylactic measures aimed at preventing iatrogenic injuries of the biliary tract, as this problem can cause irreversible complications. Prevention should include adequate examination and visualization of the bile ducts and gallbladder before surgery, their careful mobilization, compliance with the rules of operation with electrosurgical instruments, as well as the use of additional minimally invasive techniques such as choledoscopy, cholangiography and intraoperative ultrasound. Besides that, all manipulations should be carried out under strict control and clear visualization of instruments and anatomical structures of organs. The article provides a detailed description of the technique of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt surgery, as well as presents X-ray images obtained during this operation

Effect of treatment in supercritical CO 2 on the composition and structure of tealeaf and cellulose

The influence of the pretreatment procedures with supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2) on the elemental composition of tealeaf is studied. Fourier-transform infrared absorption spectroscopy is used to examine the effect of SC-CO 2 on the structure of Chinese green tea and cellulose. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2011

Energy Release During Disk Accretion onto a Rapidly Rotating Neutron Star

The energy release L_s on the surface of a neutron star (NS) with a weak magnetic field and the energy release L_d in the surrounding accretion disk depend on two independent parameters that determine its state (for example, mass M and cyclic rotation frequency f) and is proportional to the accretion rate. We derive simple approximation formulas illustrating the dependence of the efficiency of energy release in an extended disk and in a boundary layer near the NS surface on the frequency and sense of rotation for various NS equations of state. Such formulas are obtained for the quadrupole moment of a NS, for a gap between its surface and a marginally stable orbit, for the rotation frequency in an equatorial Keplerian orbit and in the marginally stable circular orbit, and for the rate of NS spinup via disk accretion. In the case of NS and disk counterrotation, the energy release during accretion can reach $0.67\dot{M}c^2$. The sense of NS rotation is a factor that strongly affects the observed ratio of nuclear energy release during bursts to gravitational energy release between bursts in X-ray bursters. The possible existence of binary systems with NS and disk counterrotation in the Galaxy is discussed. Based on the static criterion for stability, we present a method of constructing the dependence of gravitational mass M on Kerr rotation parameter j and on total baryon mass (rest mass) m for a rigidly rotating neutron star. We show that all global NS characteristics can be expressed in terms of the function M(j, m) and its derivatives.Comment: 42 pages, 12 figures, to appear in Astronomy Letters, 2000, v.26, p.69

Nodal and Periastron Precession of Inclined Orbits in the Field of a Rotating Black Hole

The inclination of low-eccentricity orbits is shown to significantly affect the orbital parameters, in particular, the Keplerian, nodal precession, and periastron rotation frequencies, which are interpreted in terms of observable quantities. For the nodal precession and periastron rotation frequencies of low-eccentricity orbits in a Kerr field, we derive a Taylor expansion in terms of the Kerr parameter at arbitrary orbital inclinations to the black-hole spin axis and at arbitrary radial coordinates. The particle radius, energy, and angular momentum in the marginally stable circular orbits are calculated as functions of the Kerr parameter $j$ and parameter $s$ in the form of Taylor expansions in terms of $j$ to within $O[j^6]$. By analyzing our numerical results, we give compact approximation formulas for the nodal precession frequency of the marginally stable circular orbits at various $s$ in the entire range of variation of Kerr parameter.Comment: 18 pages, to be published in Astronomy Letters, 2001, vol 27 (12

The sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction (S2S) project database

A database containing sub-seasonal to seasonal forecasts from 11 operational centres is available to the research community and will help advance our understanding of the sub-seasonal to seasonal time range. Demands are growing rapidly in the operational prediction and applications communities for forecasts that fill the gap between medium-range weather and long-range or seasonal forecasts. Based on the potential for improved forecast skill at the sub-seasonal to seasonal time range, a sub-seasonal prediction (S2S) research project has been established by the World Weather Research Program/World Climate Research Program. A main deliverable of this project is the establishment of an extensive database, containing sub-seasonal (up to 60 days) forecasts, 3-weeks behind real-time, and reforecasts from 11 operational centers, modelled in part on the THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) database for medium range forecasts (up to 15 days). The S2S database, available to the research community since May 2015, represents an important tool to advance our understanding of the sub-seasonal to seasonal time range that has been considered for a long time as a “desert of predictability”. In particular, this database will help identify common successes and shortcomings in the model simulation and prediction of sources of sub-seasonal to seasonal predictability. For instance, a preliminary study suggests that the S2S models underestimate significantly the amplitude of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) teleconnections over the Euro-Atlantic sector. The S2S database represents also an important tool for case studies of extreme events. For instance, a multi-model combination of S2S models displays higher probability of a landfall over Vanuatu islands 2 to 3 weeks before tropical cyclone Pam devastated the islands in March 2015