Forbidden induced subgraphs and the price of connectivity for feedback vertex set.

Let fvs(G) and cfvs(G) denote the cardinalities of a minimum feedback vertex set and a minimum connected feedback vertex set of a graph G, respectively. For a graph class G, the price of connectivity for feedback vertex set (poc-fvs) for G is defined as the maximum ratio cfvs(G)/fvs(G) over all connected graphs G in G. It is known that the poc-fvs for general graphs is unbounded. We study the poc-fvs for graph classes defined by a finite family H of forbidden induced subgraphs. We characterize exactly those finite families H for which the poc-fvs for H-free graphs is bounded by a constant. Prior to our work, such a result was only known for the case where |H|=1

Mental Health Stigma - Impact and Interventions

Research shows that negative stereotyping leads to social stigmatization of those with mental illness resulting in self-stigmatization, lower self-esteem, diminished self-efficacy, and limited access to social support and mental health services for those with mental illness. Few studies have been conducted to identify who is most predisposed to be supportive of those with mental illness and who may be willing to advocate for greater access to services. The purpose of this study is to clarify who is most open to support and advocate for those with mental illness. Responses from a sample of 48 volunteer college students to a researcher-developed survey of attitudes towards mental illness were analyzed to determine which demographic factors were related to more accepting attitudes of those with mental illness. Results yielded significant main effects for gender F (1, 47) = 5.49, p \u3c .05, and for those who have a relative with a mental illness, F (1, 47) = 17.82, p \u3c .01. Results suggest that females and relatives of those with mental illness are more accepting and could be targeted to help reduce mental health stigma by advocating for, and serving as allies to, those with mental illnesses

Analysis of the inner collection efficiency in hybrid silicon solar cells

The collection of photogenerated carriers in hybrid silicon solar cells structures were determined by the DICE (dynamic inner collection efficiency) technique. The hybrid solar cells have a microcrystalline n-type emitter and a crystalline p-type base. Cells with amorphous buffers of several thickness and p+ back surface field microcrystalline layers were also studied. Spectral response and reflectivity were measured for each sample in order to obtain the internal spectral response or quantum efficiency. These data are the input to DICE analysis, together with the optical parameters of each layer. We observed that the emitter thickness is the most important parameter which defines the solar cell photovoltaic behavior. DICE profiles show that cells with emitter thickness of 80 Å have better collection efficiency than cells with higher thickness values mainly near the surface (until 1 μm below the ITO/microcrystalline interface). The efficacy of the back surface field can be observed with this technique by determining the DICE values near the back metalization and the minority carriers diffusion length can be calculated using the DICE profile in the bulk.The collection of photogenerated carriers in hybrid silicon solar cells structures were determined by the DICE (dynamic inner collection efficiency) technique. The hybrid solar cells have a microcrystalline n-type emitter and a crystalline p-type base. Cells with amorphous buffers of several thickness and p+ back surface field microcrystalline layers were also studied. Spectral response and reflectivity were measured for each sample in order to obtain the internal spectral response or quantum efficiency. These data are the input to DICE analysis, together with the optical parameters of each layer. We observed that the emitter thickness is the most important parameter which defines the solar cell photovoltaic behavior. DICE profiles show that cells with emitter thickness of 80 Å have better collection efficiency than cells with higher thickness values mainly near the surface (until 1 μm below the ITO/microcrystalline interface). The efficacy of the back surface field can be observed with this technique by determining the DICE values near the back metalization and the minority carriers diffusion length can be calculated using the DICE profile in the bulk.The collection of photogenerated carriers in hybrid silicon solar cells structures were determined by the DICE (dynamic inner collection efficiency) technique. The hybrid solar cells have a microcrystalline n-type emitter and a crystalline p-type base. Cells with amorphous buffers of several thickness and p+ back surface field microcrystalline layers were also studied. Spectral response and reflectivity were measured for each sample in order to obtain the internal spectral response or quantum efficiency. These data are the input to DICE analysis, together with the optical parameters of each layer. We observed that the emitter thickness is the most important parameter which defines the solar cell photovoltaic behavior. DICE profiles show that cells with emitter thickness of 80 Å have better collection efficiency than cells with higher thickness values mainly near the surface (until 1 μm below the ITO/microcrystalline interface). The efficacy of the back surface field can be observed with this technique by determining the DICE values near the back metalization and the minority carriers diffusion length can be calculated using the DICE profile in the bulk

Relaminarization by steady modification of the streamwise velocity profile in a pipe

We show that a rather simple, steady modification of the streamwise velocity profile in a pipe can lead to a complete collapse of turbulence and the flow fully relaminarizes. Two different devices, a stationary obstacle (inset) and a device to inject additional fluid through an annular gap close to the wall, are used to control the flow. Both devices modify the streamwise velocity profile such that the flow in the center of the pipe is decelerated and the flow in the near wall region is accelerated. We present measurements with stereoscopic particle image velocimetry to investigate and capture the development of the relaminarizing flow downstream these devices and the specific circumstances responsible for relaminarization. We find total relaminarization up to Reynolds numbers of 6000, where the pressure drop in the downstream distance is reduced by a factor of 3.4 due to relaminarization. In a smooth straight pipe the flow remains completely laminar downstream of the control. Furthermore, we show that transient (temporary) relaminarization in a spatially confined region right downstream the devices occurs also at much higher Reynolds numbers, accompanied by a significant drag reduction. The underlying physical mechanism of relaminarization is attributed to a weakening of the near-wall turbulence production cycle

Random fields on model sets with localized dependency and their diffraction

For a random field on a general discrete set, we introduce a condition that the range of the correlation from each site is within a predefined compact set D. For such a random field omega defined on the model set Lambda that satisfies a natural geometric condition, we develop a method to calculate the diffraction measure of the random field. The method partitions the random field into a finite number of random fields, each being independent and admitting the law of large numbers. The diffraction measure of omega consists almost surely of a pure-point component and an absolutely continuous component. The former is the diffraction measure of the expectation E[omega], while the inverse Fourier transform of the absolutely continuous component of omega turns out to be a weighted Dirac comb which satisfies a simple formula. Moreover, the pure-point component will be understood quantitatively in a simple exact formula if the weights are continuous over the internal space of Lambda Then we provide a sufficient condition that the diffraction measure of a random field on a model set is still pure-point.Comment: 21 page

Connecting Terminals and 2-Disjoint Connected Subgraphs

Given a graph $G=(V,E)$ and a set of terminal vertices $T$ we say that a superset $S$ of $T$ is $T$-connecting if $S$ induces a connected graph, and $S$ is minimal if no strict subset of $S$ is $T$-connecting. In this paper we prove that there are at most ${|V \setminus T| \choose |T|-2} \cdot 3^{\frac{|V \setminus T|}{3}}$ minimal $T$-connecting sets when $|T| \leq n/3$ and that these can be enumerated within a polynomial factor of this bound. This generalizes the algorithm for enumerating all induced paths between a pair of vertices, corresponding to the case $|T|=2$. We apply our enumeration algorithm to solve the {\sc 2-Disjoint Connected Subgraphs} problem in time $O^*(1.7804^n)$, improving on the recent $O^*(1.933^n)$ algorithm of Cygan et al. 2012 LATIN paper.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figur

The price of connectivity for feedback vertex set

Let View the MathML source and View the MathML source denote the cardinalities of a minimum feedback vertex set and a minimum connected feedback vertex set of a graph G, respectively. The price of connectivity for feedback vertex set (poc-fvs) for a class of graphs G is defined as the maximum ratio View the MathML source over all connected graphs G∈G. We study the poc-fvs for graph classes defined by a finite family H of forbidden induced subgraphs. We characterize exactly those finite families H for which the poc-fvs for H-free graphs is upper bounded by a constant. Additionally, for the case where ∣H∣=1, we determine exactly those graphs H for which there exists a constant cH such that View the MathML source for every connected H-free graph G, as well as exactly those graphs H for which we can take cH=0