Vanadyl treatment normalizes submandibular salivary gland insulin-like immunoreactivity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Rat submandibular salivary glands (SSG) contain a compound displaying insulin-like immunoreactivity (ILI) and various biological activities of insulin. As SSG ILI levels were reported to be increased in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes but not normalized by a two-week insulin treatment, we decided to check whether another antidiabetic treatment, vanadyl sulphate (VOSO4), was able to regulate SSG ILI concentration. A short term (8 days) i.p. VOSO4 treatment (total dose = 1.3 mmol/kg) of rats made diabetic 8 days earlier by a single i.v. injection of STZ (60 mg/kg BW) was able to induce a long-term (4 weeks) correction of hyperglycemia while weight gain was re-established. In untreated diabetic animals (approximate to-25%) and increased (approximate to+175%) as compared to normal rats. Both parameters were normalized in VOSO4-treated diabetic rats

National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Preventing and Managing Sport-Related Dental and Oral Injuries

OBJECTIVE: To provide athletic trainers, health care professionals, and all those responsible for the care of athletes with clinical recommendations for preventing and managing sport-related dental and oral injuries. BACKGROUND: Participation in competitive sports continues to grow at both the interscholastic and intercollegiate levels. Therefore, exposure to, and the incidence of athletic-related injury, including orofacial injury, will also likely increase. At the time of this writing, the leading governing agencies for interscholastic (National Federation of State High School Associations) and intercollegiate (National Collegiate Athletic Association) sports require only protective orofacial equipment (eg, mouthguards) for 5 and 4, respectively, of their sanctioned sports. Although orofacial injuries represent a small percentage of all sport-related injuries, the financial burden associated with these injuries (eg, tooth avulsion) can exceed $15 000 over an adult life. Therefore, effective management of sport-related dental injuries is critical to the long-term financial, physical, and emotional health of people who have experienced dental trauma. RECOMMENDATIONS: Based upon the current evidence regarding sport-related orofacial injury, we provide recommendations related to planning considerations, education, and mouthguard efficacy, material, fabrication, and care considerations. Additionally, suggested best practices for managing sport-related dental injury are also given for athletic trainers and other health care professionals