Detection of Faults and Drifts in the Energy Performance of a Building Using Bayesian Networks

Despite improved commissioning practices, malfunctions or degradation of building systems still contribute to increase up to 20% the energy consumption. During operation and maintenance stage, project and building technical managers need appropriate methods for the detection and diagnosis of faults and drifts of energy performances in order to establish effective preventive maintenance strategies. This paper proposes a hybrid and multilevel fault detections and diagnosis (FDD) tool dedicated to the identification and prioritization of corrective maintenance actions helping to ensure the energy performance of buildings. For this purpose, we use dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN) to monitor the energy consumption and detect malfunctions of building equipment and systems by considering both measured occupancy and the weather conditions (number of persons on site, temperature, relative humidity (RH), etc.). The hybrid FDD approach developed makes possible the use of both measured and simulated data. The training of the Bayesian network for functional operating mode relies on on-site measurements. As far as dysfunctional operating modes are concerned, they rely mainly on knowledge extracted from dynamic thermal analysis simulating various operational faults and drifts. The methodology is applied to a real building and demonstrates the way in which the prioritization of most probable causes can be set for a fault affecting energy performance. The results have been obtained for a variety of simulated situations with faults deliberately injected, such as increase in heating preset temperature and deterioration of the transmission coefficient of the building\u27s glazing. The limitations of the methodology are discussed and are translated in terms of the ability to optimize the experiment design, control period, or threshold adjustment on the control charts used

Measurement Uncertainties and Building Energy Performance Evaluation

International audienc

Construction Of Temporal Data Files For Building Energy Simulation

International audienc

Estimation de l’incertitude de mesure liée aux données météorologiques pour l’évaluation de la performance énergétique des bâtiments

National audienc

Memory Phenotype CD4 T Cells Undergoing Rapid, Nonburst-Like, Cytokine-Driven Proliferation Can Be Distinguished from Antigen-Experienced Memory Cells

Contrary to the current paradigm that nearly all memory T cells proliferate in response to antigenic stimulation, this paper shows that an important population of CD4 T lymphocytes achieves memory/effector status independent of antigenic stimulation

C5a Enhances Dysregulated Inflammatory and Angiogenic Responses to Malaria In Vitro: Potential Implications for Placental Malaria

Placental malaria (PM) is a leading cause of maternal and infant mortality. Although the accumulation of parasitized erythrocytes (PEs) and monocytes within the placenta is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of PM, the molecular mechanisms underlying PM remain unclear. Based on the hypothesis that excessive complement activation may contribute to PM, in particular generation of the potent inflammatory peptide C5a, we investigated the role of C5a in the pathogenesis of PM in vitro and in vivo.Using primary human monocytes, the interaction between C5a and malaria in vitro was assessed. CSA- and CD36-binding PEs induced activation of C5 in the presence of human serum. Plasmodium falciparum GPI (pfGPI) enhanced C5a receptor expression (CD88) on monocytes, and the co-incubation of monocytes with C5a and pfGPI resulted in the synergistic induction of cytokines (IL-6, TNF, IL-1beta, and IL-10), chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1, MIP1alpha, MIP1beta) and the anti-angiogenic factor sFlt-1 in a time and dose-dependent manner. This dysregulated response was abrogated by C5a receptor blockade. To assess the potential role of C5a in PM, C5a plasma levels were measured in malaria-exposed primigravid women in western Kenya. Compared to pregnant women without malaria, C5a levels were significantly elevated in women with PM.These results suggest that C5a may contribute to the pathogenesis of PM by inducing dysregulated inflammatory and angiogenic responses that impair placental function

Long-term kidney function recovery and mortality after COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: An international multi-centre observational cohort study

Background: While acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in COVID-19, data on post-AKI kidney function recovery and the clinical factors associated with poor kidney function recovery is lacking. Methods: A retrospective multi-centre observational cohort study comprising 12,891 hospitalized patients aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction from 1 January 2020 to 10 September 2020, and with at least one serum creatinine value 1–365 days prior to admission. Mortality and serum creatinine values were obtained up to 10 September 2021. Findings: Advanced age (HR 2.77, 95%CI 2.53–3.04, p < 0.0001), severe COVID-19 (HR 2.91, 95%CI 2.03–4.17, p < 0.0001), severe AKI (KDIGO stage 3: HR 4.22, 95%CI 3.55–5.00, p < 0.0001), and ischemic heart disease (HR 1.26, 95%CI 1.14–1.39, p < 0.0001) were associated with worse mortality outcomes. AKI severity (KDIGO stage 3: HR 0.41, 95%CI 0.37–0.46, p < 0.0001) was associated with worse kidney function recovery, whereas remdesivir use (HR 1.34, 95%CI 1.17–1.54, p < 0.0001) was associated with better kidney function recovery. In a subset of patients without chronic kidney disease, advanced age (HR 1.38, 95%CI 1.20–1.58, p < 0.0001), male sex (HR 1.67, 95%CI 1.45–1.93, p < 0.0001), severe AKI (KDIGO stage 3: HR 11.68, 95%CI 9.80–13.91, p < 0.0001), and hypertension (HR 1.22, 95%CI 1.10–1.36, p = 0.0002) were associated with post-AKI kidney function impairment. Furthermore, patients with COVID-19-associated AKI had significant and persistent elevations of baseline serum creatinine 125% or more at 180 days (RR 1.49, 95%CI 1.32–1.67) and 365 days (RR 1.54, 95%CI 1.21–1.96) compared to COVID-19 patients with no AKI. Interpretation: COVID-19-associated AKI was associated with higher mortality, and severe COVID-19-associated AKI was associated with worse long-term post-AKI kidney function recovery. Funding: Authors are supported by various funders, with full details stated in the acknowledgement section

Architecture study and design of mixed circuits using asynchronous logic: Application to very low power consumption and contactless systems

ISBN 2-84813-080-6High performance inductively powered contactless systems, as under skin or cryptography systems, suffer from digital circuit high power consumption and low communication distances. The used of asynchronous logic has already proved benefits of this type of design: lower power consumption and high supply voltage variations robustness. The goal of this study is to take fully advantages of these properties developing a new class of inductively powered contactless systems dedicated to asynchronous operations. To reach this, those circuits are used in adequacy with event based communications through the inductive link.This new class of fully asynchronous inductively powered systems is using event based communications, with dynamically variable data rates, and self-adaptive to data rate tags. Those communications through the inductive link are implemented using a phase modulation and an asynchronous cyclic code. The flexibility brought by this new communication scheme allows high data rate transmissions and a dynamically adaptation to environmental conditions. Thus, communication data rate can be reduced to improve communication distances or to reduce power consumption on tag. A prototype of this new tag class, implemented on a standard CMOS 0.13 um process, with 6 metal layers, has shown that any communication, up to 1.02 Mbps, is successfully demodulated with a global power consumption on tag below 120 uWLes systèmes inductifs sans contact télé-alimentés à hautes performances, tels que les systèmes subcutanés ou de cryptographie, souffrent d'une forte consommation des circuits numériques et de faibles distances de communication. L'utilisation de circuits numériques asynchrone a déjà prouvé les bénéfices de ce type de conception : un gain en consommation et une forte robustesse aux variations de la tension d'alimentation. Le but de cette étude est de tirer au maximum profit de ces propriétés en développant une nouvelle classe de systèmes inductifs sans contact et télé-alimentés dédiés à un fonctionnement asynchrone. Pour cela, ces circuits sont utilisés en adéquation avec une communication asynchrone par évènements à travers le lien inductif. Cette nouvelle classe de systèmes inductifs télé-alimentés complètement asynchrones utilise des communications par évènements à débit dynamiquement variable et des étiquettes dites autoadaptatives au débit des données. Ces communications à travers le lien inductif utilisent la modulation de phase associée à un code cyclique asynchrone. La souplesse générée par ce nouveau principe de communication autorise des communications à hauts débits tout en offrant une adaptation dynamique aux conditions environnementales. Ainsi, le débit de la communication peut être réduit pour offrir des distances de communication plus importantes ou pour réduire la consommation de l'étiquette. Un prototype de ce type d'étiquette, réalisé sur une technologie CMOS 0.13 um à 6 niveaux de métaux, a montré la faisabilité de la démodulation des communications à débit quelconque inférieur ou égal à 1.02 Mbps pour une consommation globale inférieure à 120 uW