Potential of extracts from Saponaria officinalis and Calendula officinalis to modulate in vitro rumen fermentation with respect to their content in saponins

Saponins have the potential to favorably modulate rumen fermentation, but there is generally a lack of the chemical structures associated with the described effects. The activity of extracts from Calendula officinalisand Saponaria officinalis in the rumen was evaluated in vitro. The S. officinalis root extract, reduced CH4production by 8.5% and increased total VFA concentration by 25.2%. C. officinalis and S. officinalis root extracts and the S. officinalis aerial part extract decreased the acetate to propionate ratio from 8.6 to 17.4%, according to the extract. An HPLC-ELSD analysis indicated that the saponin content ranged from 43.6 to 57.6 mg/g of dry matter (DM) in the C. officinalis extracts and from 224.0 to 693.8 mg/g of DM in the S. officinalis extracts, expressed as the hederacoside C equivalent. Identification of the saponin compounds present in the extracts by HPLC–MSn suggested that the saponin profile modulated the biological activities, showing the importance of determining the structure of saponins when evaluating extracts

Activities of extracts from saponin-containing plants on sheep erythrocytes, Tetrahymena pyriformis and Rumen protozoa

As the effects of saponins in the rumen are due to their membrane-disrupting ability on protozoa, the activities of extracts from saponin containing plants were determined on erythrocytes, Tetrahymena pyriformis and rumen protozoa. Inhibition of Tetrahymena pyriformis were found to be correlated (R2=0.54) with 50% hemolysis. The extracts supplemented to a standard feed, showed null to remarkable in vitro activity on rumen protozoa. With -51% and -41% protozoa inhibition, Primula veris and Chenopodium quinoa might have the potential to improve ammonia utilization in ruminants, meaning less excreted nitrogen and less environmental impact

ROOT 6 and beyond: TObject, C++14 and many cores.

Following the release of version 6, ROOT has entered a new area of development. It will leverage the industrial strength compiler library shipping in ROOT 6 and its support of the C++11/14 standard, to significantly simplify and harden ROOT's interfaces and to clarify and substantially improve ROOT's support for multi-threaded environments. This talk will also recap the most important new features and enhancements in ROOT in general, focusing on those allowed by the improved interpreter and better compiler support, including I/O for smart pointers, easier type safe access to the content of TTrees and enhanced multi processor support

ROOT 6 and beyond: TObject, C++14 and many cores.

Following the release of version 6, ROOT has entered a new area of development. It will leverage the industrial strength compiler library shipping in ROOT 6 and its support of the C++11/14 standard, to significantly simplify and harden ROOT's interfaces and to clarify and substantially improve ROOT's support for multi-threaded environments. This talk will also recap the most important new features and enhancements in ROOT in general, focusing on those allowed by the improved interpreter and better compiler support, including I/O for smart pointers, easier type safe access to the content of TTrees and enhanced multi processor support