Activity of cholinesterases of blood and heart in rats of different sex and age during muscular loads and hypokinesia

The activity of acetylcholinesterase (Ache) and butyrilcholinesterase (Bche) in the blood and the heart of 3 and 13 month old control male rats is considerably lower than in female rats. In 25 month old rats, no sex differences in the Ache and Bche were revealed in the heart. In 3 and 13 month old male and female rats, under conditions of muscular exercises, the Ache and Bche activity is lower, and in hypokinetic male rats -- higher than that in respective control animals. In all the rats, irrespective of sex, age, and motor conditions, Ache and Bche activity tended to decrease from the sinoatrial node to the heart apex

Comparative Analysis Of The Results Of Anti-VEGF Therapy In Patients With AMD

Intravitreal injections are one of the most common procedures in ophthalmology. It is connected with direct delivery of drugs in the vitreous body. The aim of our survey is to show our comparative analysis of the results in the treatment of AMD patients with Lucentis and Eylea. Material and methods: We enrolled 24 patients with wet AMD, diagnosed and treated in the ophthalmic department of MMA for a period of 2 years. In 7 of the patients we used Lucentis and in the rest 17 Eylea. All patients were examined for VA, OCT central retinal thickness and FA (Topcon 3D OCT – FA +).  The  patients  were  treated  according to  the   Treat and extend  protocol with  period of  extension of  2 weeks. Results: Our results point out that   patients treated with Lucentis had an increase of the VA with two lines. They had also a reduction of retinal thickness. In RAP patients Lucentis gave better results than other medications. The Eylea treated patients showed also improvement of the VA, which was more significant than in the previous group. The decrease in the CRT was from approximately 400±130 μm to 288±74 μm in the 6-month follow up. Conclusion: Our  survey points out that  both Lucentis and Eylea are effective in  the treatment of AMD, although aflibercept shows  slightly better results in terms of VA and CRT. The treatment of this multifactorial disease is complex and has to be individualized in order to meet the specific  needs of the patients. We have to adjust the treatment in each case to be maximum effective

Complications After Anti-VEGF Therapy in Patients with Wet Form of AMD

Anti-VEGF therapy is the main treatment in patients with the wet form of AMD. Although successful in most cases, prolonged use of intravitreal therapy can lead to serious complications. The aim of this study is to present the possible longterm complications of anti-VEGF therapy in patients with the wet form of AMD, as well as the ways to prevent them. Methods: In our study, we included 32 patients with a wet form of AMD. They were all examined ophthalmologically in detail for VA, fundus color photography, OCT (Revue, Optovue) and OCT-A (Angiophlex, Zeiss). All patients were treated with aflibercept (Eylea) - according to the Treat and Extend scheme for a period of 2 years. They were followed for complications for a period of 2 years. Results: In the long run we observed the following complications expressed in %: tachyphylaxis to the drug substance – 20%; tears of RPE-10%; fibrosis and scarring - 45%; retinal atrophy 25%. In 20% of the observed patients we found tachyphylaxis after the first year, which led to a decrease in the effectiveness of treatment. In 10% of cases we observed rupture of RPE. This occurred mainly in patients with previous detachment of RPE with a large area and height. Retinal fibrosis developed in patients with macular hemorrhage, low VA, refractory retinal cysts, or cases of RAP. Retinal fibrosis usually appeared after 10 injections. These are patients with low initial visual acuity, thin choroid especially subfoveolar and usually occurred after a small number of intravitreal injections. Conclusion: Complications after anti-VEGF therapy are relatively rare, but always associated with very serious visual impairment. The stronger the effect of the anti-VEGF drug, the more common the complications, especially retinal fibrosis. Early detection of risk factors such as low initial vision, refractory retinal cysts, macular hemorrhage, large neovascular membrane, are a prerequisite for successful prevention and treatment of these complications

OCT types of subretinal membranes in wet form of AMD and their impact on treatment

In the recent years OCT-A emerged as a new trend in the development of the OCT technology, giving us the opportunity to judge not only of the morphology of the retina, but also of the retinal blood flow and vessels.Aim: The aim of our survey was to show the diagnostic abilities of OCT-A in patients with wet AMD, and to evaluate the characteristic features of the neovascular membranes.Material and methods: In our survey 11 patients with wet AMD were enrolled. They all were ophthalmologically tested for VA, fluorescein angiography, OCT-A (Angiophlex, Zeiss). The ОСТ-А scans were examined in details and the characteristic features of the subretinal membranes were estimated. Results: In 5 patients with wet AMD type 1 of neovascular membranes has been detected. The new vessels emerged form the choroid, penetrated Bruhs membrane and were localized beneath the RPE. Type 2 of neovascular membranes was found in 4 patients. In that case the lesion originated again from the choroid but it passed trough the Bruch’s membrane and RPE and developed between RPE and neurosensory retina. In 2 patients type 3 – RAP lesions were found. In these cases the lesions originated from the deep retinal plexus. In 20% of the patients with quick progression of the disease well outlined neovascular membranes – lace or sea fan type, with branching new capillaries and anastomoses has been found.Discussion: ОСТ-А gives us the possibility to see clearly the structure of the subretinal membranes. Our results show that in all patients with branching, tiny, young capillaries, rapid progression of the disease is observed which requires immediate action and adequate therapy

Thrombosis of vena centralis retinae in young age or vasculitis?

Thrombosis of v. centralis retinae is one of the most common retinal diseases after diabetes. It is typical for people over 55 years and the risk for it increases with age. It is extremely rare in young people where it is called, Papilophlebitis or Optic disc vasculitis. Aim: The aim of this survey is to present a peculiar clinical case of thrombosis of v.centralis retinae in young adult and describe the specific clinical picture and different therapeutic approach. Material and methods: We present the clinical case of 34 year old male, whom we examined with fluorescein angiography (FA), digital photography, blood tests, serology, immunology- HLA, and hemostasis. Results: We described a recurrent case of thrombosis of vena centralis retinae, with a typical edema of the optic nerve and a massive hemorrhagic syndrome in the posterior pole. A strong dissociation between the severity of the clinical picture and the relatively good visual acuity. Conclusion: Although it is believed that thrombosis of the retinal vein in young people is with good prognosis, peculiar cases with recurrent, progradient course of the occlusion and severe impairment of the visual acuity are also possible. In time diagnostics of this forms and their adequate hospital treatment are important prerequisite for the good outcome.

Interfaces in the returnees' heritage language: Is the complete (re-)activation possible?

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The aim of this study is to examine whether the complete (re-)activation of interface domains in the heritage language (HL) is possible or whether interfaces are likely to preserve features typical for the HL even after many years of residing in the country of origin. Design/methodology/approach: We present the group analysis of direct object marking in Turkish, which is a morphology-syntax-pragmatics interface, of Turkish-German returnees, who returned to Turkey after puberty and have been residing in the country for a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 34 years, and compare them with the control group consisting of Turkish speakers who have been living in Turkey all their lives. Data and analysis: The data were collected using a narrative task, a completion task and a grammaticality judgement task, and analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Findings/conclusions: The analysis of the narrative task revealed that the returnee participants used case-marking on direct objects productively depending on the discourse and syntactic position of the direct object in their heritage Turkish. However, their performance on the completion and grammaticality judgement tasks diverged from those of the control group. These findings can be considered as a piece of evidence that interface domains stay obstinate to complete (re-)activation and may preserve features typical for the HL many years after the return to the country of origin. Originality: The study suggests relevance of the Interface Hypothesis to the process of HL (re-)activation. Significance/implications: The study contributes to the research on the HL development of returnees after their return to the country of origin

Organization of management accounting in water transportation companies

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. The study is to evaluate critically the existing accounting practices in river transportation companies. The authors demonstrate the need for management accounting in inland shipping companies aimed at scheduling, supervising and analyzing their performance and offer a management accounting scheme based on E. Schwarz method. The proposed method of integrated cost system has the following advantages: it takes into consideration the peculiarities of water transportation companies; it is able to collect information on the expenses incurred by areas of responsibility; the system makes it possible to reveal any deviations from the plan and take appropriate measures, which makes company management more efficient