KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT,COGNITIVE CARTOGRAPHY AND VALUE CREATION IN THE ORGANIZATION

From the value of knowledge established in a disciplinary field by more specialists are moving to value theoretical knowledge in terms of utility that a company can hold in terms of a competitive advantage. Knowledge Management has been, to its appearance, an important response to knowledge management and knowledge to the enterprise. He was still lacking in knowledge management and knowledge-level departments and organizational level. Department of Human Resources remains the most involved in the implementation of Knowledge Management approaches, but has difficulties in their implementation, as used do not give the expected results in terms of value creation. The study proposes an inventory of the Knowledge Management difficulties in the enterprise in the process of creation and proposes a useful solution, represented by cognitive mapping. This tool and its methodology promote the emergence of knowledge and enable networking of heterogeneous knowledge. Through the analysis of example an cognitive card is shown the potential but also its limit.knowledge management, knowledge assessment, cognitive cartography, human resources, potential

Improving technology transfer through national systems of innovation: climate relevant innovation-system builders (CRIBs)

The Technology Executive Committee (TEC) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) recently convened a workshop seeking to understand how strengthening national systems of innovation (NSIs) might help to foster the transfer of climate technologies to developing countries. This article reviews insights from the literatures on Innovation Studies and Socio-Technical Transitions to demonstrate why this focus on fostering innovation systems has potential to be more transformative as an international policy mechanism for climate technology transfer than anything the UNFCCC has considered to date. Based on insights from empirical research, the article also articulates how the existing architecture of the UNFCCC Technology Mechanism could be usefully extended by supporting the establishment of CRIBs (climate relevant innovation-system builders) in developing countries – key institutions focused on nurturing the climate-relevant innovation systems and building technological capabilities that form the bedrock of transformative, climate-compatible technological change and development

How small water enterprises can contribute to the Millennium Development Goals: evidence from Dar es Salaam, Nairobi, Khartoum and Accra

For centuries, Small Water Enterprises (SWEs) have supplied a large share of the water market in the urban centres of most low-income countries. Such SWEs have proved themselves economically viable, and often operate in competitive conditions. They extend water services to informal settlements that have little prospect of being supplied with piped water from the local utility. Unfortunately, they attract comparatively little investment, and even less support from governments. The incremental but critically important improvements they can provide tend to be overlooked by governments and international agencies. In international statistics any household that gets its water from vendors is defined as lacking access to improved water supplies. This book is one of the outputs from a project designed to identify and test out ways of improving the water services delivered to the urban poor through SWEs. As such, it will prove an invaluable resource for water utility managers and policymakers. The book includes accounts of fieldwork undertaken in a number of African cities: Dar es Salaam (Tanzania); Nairobi (Kenya); Khartoum (Sudan) and Accra (Ghana). Even in these cities, where dependence on SWEs is high, the services provided by these SWEs have been poorly documented until now

Helmholtz's inverse problem of the discrete calculus of variations

International audienceWe derive the discrete version of the classical Helmholtz's condition. Precisely, we state a theorem characterizing second order finite differences equations admitting a Lagrangian formulation. Moreover, in the affirmative case, we provide the class of all possible Lagrangian formulations