Prevention as a method to ensure the health of children, adolescents and young people

This article describes the main aspects of prevention as a method to ensure the health of children, adolescents and young people. Identified the problem of lack of compliance with the requirements in preparation for sports.В данной статье рассмотрены основные аспекты профилактики как метод по обеспечению охраны здоровья детей, подростков и молодежи. Выявлена проблема отсутствия выполнения требований при подготовке к занятиям спортом

Novel Insights into the Diversity of Catabolic Metabolism from Ten Haloarchaeal Genomes

BACKGROUND: The extremely halophilic archaea are present worldwide in saline environments and have important biotechnological applications. Ten complete genomes of haloarchaea are now available, providing an opportunity for comparative analysis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We report here the comparative analysis of five newly sequenced haloarchaeal genomes with five previously published ones. Whole genome trees based on protein sequences provide strong support for deep relationships between the ten organisms. Using a soft clustering approach, we identified 887 protein clusters present in all halophiles. Of these core clusters, 112 are not found in any other archaea and therefore constitute the haloarchaeal signature. Four of the halophiles were isolated from water, and four were isolated from soil or sediment. Although there are few habitat-specific clusters, the soil/sediment halophiles tend to have greater capacity for polysaccharide degradation, siderophore synthesis, and cell wall modification. Halorhabdus utahensis and Haloterrigena turkmenica encode over forty glycosyl hydrolases each, and may be capable of breaking down naturally occurring complex carbohydrates. H. utahensis is specialized for growth on carbohydrates and has few amino acid degradation pathways. It uses the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway instead of the oxidative pathway, giving it more flexibility in the metabolism of pentoses. CONCLUSIONS: These new genomes expand our understanding of haloarchaeal catabolic pathways, providing a basis for further experimental analysis, especially with regard to carbohydrate metabolism. Halophilic glycosyl hydrolases for use in biofuel production are more likely to be found in halophiles isolated from soil or sediment

EARLY TOXICITY OF SCHEDULED HODGKIN LYMPHOMA IN CHILDREN

Given the high number of patient survival rates with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), most modern studies are focused on strategies to reduce the toxicity of treatment. The objectives of this study were to assess the early toxicity of the protocols DAL-HD (German working group for study and treatment of leukaemia in children) and SPbLH (St. Petersburg group on treatment of Hodgkin Lymphoma in children) compatible by effectiveness used in therapy of HL in children and adolescents. The study includes 143 HL patients aged between 3 and 18 (median-11.6 years), who received treatment from 1993 to 2015 under the following programs: DAL-HD-versions 87 and 90 and original research protocol SPBLH-05. Analysis of the direct toxicity of polychemotherapy (PCT) showed that the therapy according to DAL-HD protocol has a more pronounced emetogenicity and myelotoxicity than the SPbLH protocol. The most pronounced complications of PCT have been recorded in high-risk patients treated by DAL-HD program (hematotoxicity degree 3-4, dyspeptic syndrome with hypotrophy development). By reducing the combined doses of anthracycline antibiotics and alkylating agents, therapy by SPbLH protocol is accompanied by less pronounced side effects while maintaining a high level of common and relapsed survival. Thus, risk-adapted SPbLH programme can be recommended for the treatment of children and adolescents suffering from HL

Синдром подразненого кишечника з запором: можливості пребіотичної терапії

Numerous investigations have provided evidence that irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can be stipulated by the dynamical individual combination of internal and external conditions, including genetics, immune response, environment, stress, diet, and intestinal microbiome. The additional risk factors of the disease include effects of a wide-spectrum antibiotics and gastrointestinal infections. Despite the multifactorial IBS nature, there are clear microbial differences in patients in comparison with healthy subjects, and investigations directed on the microbiome testing and monitoring, suggest that altered microbiome can make a person more susceptible to this disease.Recent investigations were directed on the implementation of dietary fibers and prebiotics, due to the fact that many of these polysaccharides can be metabolized by intestinal microbiota кишечника, resulting in the formation of short chain fatty acids. The prebiotic specificity of fructans (inulin) is mediated through species-specific gene clusters in sucrolytic bacteria controlled by signal sensors for different substrates. The health benefits of prebiotics are related to immune regulation and the production of bacterial metabolites.A great number of randomized clinical trials of the use of inulin as bifidogenic prebiotic proved its clinical effectiveness in the treatment of constipation in patients with IBS, inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as possibility to modulate intestinal microbiota, affect intestinal dysbiosis, provide immune modulating, inti-inflammatory actions on the intestinal mucosa, to support homeostasis of colonocytes.As a therapeutic target, the stimulation of specific prebiotic growth of bifidobacteria by inulin is promising.Многочисленные исследования показали, что cиндром раздраженного кишечника (СРК) может быть обусловлен динамичным, индивидуальным сочетанием внутренних и внешних условий, включая генетику, иммунный ответ, окружающую среду, стресс, диету и кишечный микробиом. К дополнительным факторам риска относятся воздействие антибиотиков широкого спектра действия и инфекция желудочно­-кишечного тракта. Несмотря на многофакторную природу СРК, существуют четкие, обнаруживаемые микробные различия у пациентов по сравнению со здоровыми лицами, а исследования, посвященные тестированию и мониторингу микробиома, предполагают, что измененный микробиом может сделать человека более восприимчивым к данному заболеванию.В последние годы исследования были сосредоточены на использовании пищевых волокон и пребиотиков, поскольку многие из этих полисахаридов могут метаболизироваться микробиотой кишечника, что приводит к образованию короткоцепочечных жирных кислот. Пребиотическая специфичность фруктанов (инулина) опосредуется через видоспецифичные генные кластеры в сахаролитических бактериях, контролируемые сигнальными сенсорами для разных субстратов. Польза пребиотика для здоровья связана с иммунной регуляцией и выработкой бактериальных метаболитов.Большое количество рандомизированных клинических исследований применения инулина как бифидогенного пребиотика показали его клиническую эффективность при лечении запоров у пациентов с СРК, воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника, возможность модулировать кишечную микробиоту, влиять на дисбиоз кишечника, оказывать иммуномодулирующее, противовоспалительное действие на слизистую оболочку кишечника, поддерживать гомеостаз колоноцитов.В качестве терапевтической мишени перспективным является стимулирование специфического пребиотического роста бифидобактерий инулином.Численні дослідження засвідчили, що синдром подразненого кишечника (СПК) може бути обумовлений динамічним, індивідуальним поєднанням внутрішніх і зовнішніх умов, зокрема генетики, імунної відповіді, навколишнього середовища, стресу, дієти і кишкового мікробіома. До додаткових чинників ризику зараховують вплив антибіотиків широкого спектру дії і інфекцію шлунково-кишкового тракту. Незважаючи на багатофакторну природу  СПК, існують чіткі видимі мікробні відмінності у пацієнтів порівняно зі здоровими особами, а дослідження, присвячені тестуванням і моніторингу мікробіома, припускають, що змінений мікробіом може зробити людину більш сприйнятливою до даного захворювання.Останніми роками дослідження були зосереджені на використанні харчових волокон і пребіотиків, оскільки багато які з цих полісахаридів можуть метаболізуватися мікробіотою кишечника, що приводить до утворення коротколанцюгових жирних кислот. Пребіотична специфічність фруктанів (інуліну) опосередковується через видоспецифічі генні кластери в цукролітичних бактеріях, контрольовані сигнальними сенсорами для різних субстратів. Користь пребіотика для здоров’я пов’язана з імунною регуляцією і виробленням бактеріальних метаболітів.Велика кількість рандомізованих клінічних досліджень застосування інуліну як біфідогенного пребіотика засвідчили його клінічну ефективність при лікуванні запорів у пацієнтів із  СПК, запальними захворюваннями кишечника, можливість модулювати кишкову мікробіоту, впливати на дисбіоз кишечника, надавати імуномодулювальну, протизапальну дію на слизову оболонку кишечника, підтримувати гомеостаз колоноцитів.Як терапевтична мішень перспективним є стимулювання специфічного пребіотичного зростання біфідобактерій інуліном

Oncofertility in women cured of hodgkin’s lymphoma as a child

The concept of risk-adapted therapy is a modern standard of choice for the treatment regimen of Hodgkin’s lymphoma in childhood.  As a rule, patients are distributed depending on the number of factors in the groups of low, intermediate and high risk with a  particular volume of the treatment program. The rational use of chemotherapy and radiation therapy can reduce the risk of gonadal  toxicity. Loss of oocytes in patients receiving Hodgkin’s lymphoma therapy in childhood is usually associated with systemic  chemotherapy and pelvic irradiation. A combination of inhibin B and FSH is proposed as a screening marker to assess the gonadotoxic  effects of chemotherapy, in both girls and boys

Oncofertility in men cured of Hodgkin’s lymphoma as a child

Hodgkin’s lymphoma, being a highly malignant disease, has now acquired the property of a curative one. The article describes the basic principles of therapy of children with Hodgkin’s lymphoma, slow fixation of risk-adapted treatment positions. The possibility of complete cure of most patients appeared, which made this tumor a unique model for studying the remote consequences of cancer treatment. After the antitumor treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma, boys may suffer from testicular insufficiency (due to cytostatics), obstructive azoospermia (as a consequence of radiation therapy in the pelvic area), hypogonadism (secondary - after exposure of the pituitary gland to radiation, primary - after exposure of the pelvis due to the toxic effects of cytostatics). In order to reduce the gonadotoxicity of treatment, studies are being conducted to modify chemotherapy in the direction of lowering the doses of alkylating cytostatics, reducing the doses of radiation therapy without losing the effectiveness of treatment. Regardless of the cause of male infertility diagnosis includes the collection of reproductive history, external examination of the genitals, analysis of ejaculate, ultrasound examination of the scrotum, assessment of hormone levels (follicle stimulating hormone, total testosterone, serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, inhibin B, thyroid stimulating hormone)

EFFECT OF FUCOIDAN ON THE LEVEL AND DYNAMIC OF LIPID METABOLISM PARAMETERS IN P-407 INDUCED DYSLIPIDEMIA

Purpose: to study the effect of fucoidan (sulfated polysaccharide from brown algae) on the dynamics of lipid metabolism in the mice model of dyslipidemia induced poloxamer P-407. Materials and methods. We used fucoidan, extracted from brown algae Fucus evanescens with a molecular weight 160 kDa. Experimental studies were conducted on noninbred white mice. The model of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in animals was induced by intraperitoneal injection of poloxamer 407 (P-407). Results. We revealed the ability of per os administration of fucoidan to normalize the basic parameters of lipid metabolism in mice with dyslipidemia (serum levels of triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Conclusion. Revealed experimental results allow to consider the fucoidan as the basis for the development of new biological products with lipid corrective action and to recommend it for further study in experimental and clinical trials

Marine Algae Metabolites as Promising Therapeutics for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

This review presents an analysis of works devoted to the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity of algae metabolites—sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidans, carrageenans), lectins, laminarans, and polyphenols. Despite the presence of a significant number of antiretroviral drugs, the development of new therapeutic and prophylactic agents against this infection remains very urgent problem. This is due to the variability of HIV, the absence of an animal model (except monkeys) and natural immunity to this virus and the toxicity of therapeutic agents and their high cost. In this regard, the need for new therapeutic approaches and broad-spectrum drugs, which in addition to antiviral effects can have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects, and to which the minimum resistance of HIV strains would be formed. These requirements meet the biologically active substances of marine algae. The results of experimental and clinical studies conducted in vitro and in vivo are presented, and the issues of the anti-HIV activity of these compounds are considered depending on their structural features. On the whole, the presented data prove the high efficiency of seaweed metabolites and justify the possibility of their use as a potential basis for the development of new drugs with a wide spectrum of activity

Clinical trial: a novel high-dose 1 g mesalamine suppository (Salofalk) once daily is as efficacious as a 500-mg suppository thrice daily in active ulcerative proctitis.

BACKGROUND: Mesalamine suppositories are first-line therapy in active ulcerative proctitis; the standard regime still recommends multiple doses per day. The primary objective of this study was to show the noninferiority of once-daily administration of a novel 1 g mesalamine suppository versus thrice-daily administration of the 0.5 g mesalamine suppository. METHODS: This was a single-blind (investigator-blinded), randomized, multicenter, comparative, Phase III clinical trial. Patients with mild to moderately active ulcerative proctitis inserted either one mesalamine 1 g suppository at bedtime or one mesalamine 0.5 g suppository thrice daily over a 6-week period. The primary endpoint was rate of remission (Disease Activity Index below 4). RESULTS: In all, 354 patients were evaluable for safety and per-protocol analysis. The new regimen demonstrated noninferiority: The percentage of patients with remission was 87.9% for the once-daily 1 g mesalamine suppository and 90.7% for the thrice-daily 0.5 g mesalamine suppository. Each regimen resulted in prompt cessation of clinical symptoms (e.g., median time to ≤3 stools per day (all without blood): 5 days in the 1 g mesalamine once-daily and 7 days in the 0.5 g mesalamine thrice-daily group). Patients preferred applying suppositories once a day. CONCLUSIONS: In active ulcerative proctitis the once-daily administration of a 1 g mesalamine suppository is as effective and safe, yet considerably more convenient, than the standard thrice-daily administration of a 0.5 g mesalamine suppository