The effects of brood stock size on the economy of catfish (Clarias anguillaris) fry production using the hormone induced natural breeding technique

89 ripe female brooders of the catfish, Clarias anguillaris (Body wt. Range 150g-1, 200g) were induced to spawn by hormone (Ovaprim) induced natural spawning technique over a period of 10 weeks. Matching ripe males were used for pairing the females at the ratio of two males to a female. Six ranges of brood stock body weights were considered as follows; 1000g and the number of fry produced by each female brooder was scored/recorded against the corresponding body weight range. The number of fry per unit quantity of hormone and the cost of production a fry based on the current price of Ovaprim (hormon) were determined so as to ascertain most economic size range. The best and most economic size range was between 400g-599g body weight with about 20,000 fry per ml of hormone and N0.028 per fry, while the females above 1000g gave the poorest results of 9,519 fry per ml of hormone and N0.059 per fry. For optimum production of Clarias anguillaris fry and maximum return on investment female brooders of body weights ranging between 400g-599g are recommended for hormone induced natural breeding exercise

The Status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations

The status and position of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (“FRY”) in the United Nations (“UN”) is a controversial issue which has elicited many comments and articles and has cast a long shadow on the legality of the measures taken by the General Assembly (“GA”) and the Security Council (“SC”) vis-a-vis Yugoslavia. In 1992, the SC and the GA both decided that the FRY, composed of Serbia and Montenegro, could not participate in the work of the GA and its bodies. The GA further extended the prohibition against Yugoslavian participation to the Economic and Social Council and its bodies. Throughout each of these resolutions, the SC and the GA stated that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (“SFRY”) has ceased to exist and that the FRY cannot automatically continue the membership of the former SFRY in the UN. At the root of the unresolved status of the FRY in the UN is the question whether a succession or secession has taken place in the former SFRY. Essentially, the status question had been created by the unilateral acts of secession by the four former Yugoslav republics (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia) and the intrusion of the geo-strategic interests of foreign factors that encouraged, made possible and rewarded these secessions by premature recognition of the new nations. Continuous political pressure against the FRY is designed to bring about legal discontinuity of Yugoslavia as a founding member of the Organization of the UN. The FRY continues to be precluded from participating in the meetings of states that are parties to those treaties. Unfortunately, the U.S. administration is not alone in erecting a new Berlin Wall on the FRY. The denial of the FRY’s right to be a continuous member of the UN and other international organizations runs counter to the contrary pronouncements issued by three out of the four former Yugoslav republics in the bilateral agreements and a joint declaration on the normalization of relations with the FRY. The isolation of the FRY from the UN work and other international organizations is only one of the absurdities and frivolous abuses of international law that have been the hallmark of the involvement of the international community in the Yugoslav crisis ever since its beginning. Part I discusses the Security Council (SC) and General Assembly (GA) decisions that the FRY, composed of Serbia and Montenegro, could not participate in the work of the GA and its bodies, and the GA’s further extension of the prohibition against Yugoslavian’s participation in the Economic and Social Council and its bodies. Part II addresses the root of the unresolved status of the FRY in the UN, namely the question of whether a succession or secession had taken place in the former SFRY. Part III asks whether the SFRY ceased to exist after unilateral acts of secession by the four former Yugoslav republics (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia), and the intrusion of the geo-strategic interests of foreign factors that encouraged, made possible, and rewarded these secessions by premature recognition of the new nations. Part IV analyzes the legal and political influences on the role of the FRY. Part V discusses the subsequent incorrect treatment of the FRY. Finally, Part VI addresses the U.S. resistance to the FRY’s resumed role

An evaluation of the survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)fry stocked in eight streams in the North West of England.

Eight streams from the North West of England were stocked with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed fry at densities ranging from 1 to 4/m2 over a period of up to three years to evaluate survival to the end of the first an d second growing periods and hence assess the value of stocking as a management practice. Survival to the end of the first growin g period (mean duration of 108 days) was found to vary between 7.8 and 41.3% with a mean of 22% and CV of 0.44. Survival from the end of the first growing period to the end of the second growing period (mean duration of 384 days) ranged from 19.9 to 34.1% with a mean of 26.3% and CV of 0.21. Survival was found to be positively related to 0+ trout density (P < 0.05) and negatively related to altitude (P < 0.05). A comparison of the raw survival data (non standardised with respect to duration of experiments) with that from other studies in relation to stocking densities revealed a negative relationship between fry survival and stocking density (P < 0.05). Densities in excess of 5/m2 tended to result in lower levels of survival. Post stocking fry dispersal patterns were examined for the 1991 data. On average 86.7% of the number of fry surviving remained within the stocked zone by the end of the first growing period. With the exception of one stream there was little in the way of dispersal beyond the stocked zone. The dispersal pattern approximated to the normal distribution (P < 0.05). It was estimated that stocking can result in a net gain of fish to a river system compared with natural productivity, however the numerical significance of this gain and its cost effectiveness need to be determined on a river specific basis

The use of microencapsulated feeds to replace live food organisms in shrimp hatcheries

Abstract only.An adequate supply of hatchery produced shrimp fry is the major constraint to the intensification and growth of shrimp culture practices. If even 20% of the more than 500,000 ha of the world's existing tropical and sub-tropical brackishwater ponds were to stock at the relatively low density of 50,000 fry/ha/year, it would take thousands of new hatcheries to produce the 25 billion fry required. The availability of artificially produced diets to replace cultured live food organisms would alleviate many of the problems currently limiting shrimp hatchery production by: (i) reducing the level of technical skill required to operate a hatchery; (ii) assuring a reliable supply of a nutritionally balanced larval feed; (iii) reducing sources of contamination and larval disease; and (iv) simplifying hatchery design and capital cost requirements, thereby facilitating small scale hatchery development. Aquatic farms has been working with the Mars Microencapsulation Research Group (MMRG) to develop techniques for adapting current shrimp hatchery technology and design so that MMRG feeds can be used in existing hatcheries as a live feed replacement. Feeding trials have been conducted in commercial hatcheries in Hawaii, Malaysia and Thailand. The results of these trials and the techniques employed are discussed. Growth and survival of larvae fed microencapsulated diets as total or partial replacement of live foods was comparable to larvae cultured in control tanks using the standard operating procedures of the hatchery in which the trials were conducted. In trials to date, larval survival from nauplii to postlarvae has been as high as 70%

Effect of K0−Kˉ0K^{0}-\bar{K}^{0} Mixing on CPCP Asymmetries in Weak Decays of DD and BB Mesons

Within the standard electroweak model we carry out an instructive analysis of the effect of $K^{0}-\bar{K}^{0}$ mixing on $CP$ asymmetries in some weak decay modes of $D^{\pm}$ and $\stackrel{(-)}{B}$$^{0}_{d}$ mesons. We point out that a clean signal of $CP$ violation with magnitude of 2Re($\epsilon$) $\approx 3.3\times 10^{-3}$ can manifest in the semileptonic decays $D^{+}\rightarrow l^{+}\nu^{~}_{l}K_{S}$ ($K_{L}$) vs $D^{-}\rightarrow l^{-}\bar{\nu}^{~}_{l}K_{S}$ ($K_{L}$). The $CP$ asymmetries are also dominated by 2Re($\epsilon$) in the two-body nonleptonic decays $D^{\pm} \rightarrow (\pi^{\pm}, \rho^{\pm}, a^{\pm}_{1})+ (K_{S}, K_{L})$ and in the multi-body processes $D^{\pm}\rightarrow \pi^{\pm}+n_{0}\pi^{0}+n_{\pm} (\pi^{\pm}\pi^{\mp})+ (K_{S}, K_{L})$, where $n_{0}$ and $n_{\pm}$ are integers. It is possible to observe such $CP$-violating signals with about $10^{7}$ $D^{\pm}$ events at $\tau$-charm factories or hadron machines. Finally we show that the $CP$ asymmetry induced by Re($\epsilon$) may compete with those from $B^{0}_{d}-\bar{B}^{0}_{d}$ mixing and final-state interactions in the semi-inclusive and exclusive decays $B_{d}\rightarrow X(c\bar{c})+(K_{S}, K_{L})$ on the $\Upsilon (4S)$ resonance.Comment: 10 Latex pages + 2 figures. Phys. Lett. B (in printing

Skeletal muscle stem cell defects in burn-induced cachexia

..In an intriguing recent paper published in The Journal of Physiology, Fry and colleagues (Fry et al. 2016) explore the potential involvement of SCs and myonuclei apoptosis in young burn patients, a condition characterized by hyper-metabolism and extreme muscle wasting... ...The authors hypothesized that severe burn trauma could induce myonuclear apoptosis along with increased SC activation, in order to counteract the loss of myonuclei. In brief, the major findings by Fry and colleagues were (summarized in Table 1): (1) burn trauma induces myonuclear and SC apoptosis, (2) SC content is decreased although the content of active SCs is increased in burn patients, and (3) the latter two are associated with a generalized regenerative response (increased central nuclei and embMHC positive fibres) in burn patients

The Size Relationship of 12 Days Post-Exodus Larvae with 56 Day Post-Exodus Fingerlings Regarding Growth and Survival in Bluegill (Lempomis macrochirus)

Low survival and quality of early life-stage bluegill is an obstacle to viable production where size may influence weaning efficiency. Herein, we investigate through two trials the effects of fry size 12-d post-exodus on total length, weight, production and survival through 56-d post-exodus. Full sibling broods (trial 1=10, trial 2=6) were reared with feedings of brine shrimp Artemia sp. nauplii (BS) through 12-d post-exodus (PE). Broods of trial 1 were visual sorted 12 d PE into small and large size groups. Fry (n = 25) from each size group were sampled for measured total length (TL) and weight. Starting 14 d PE, a 7-d co-feeding period with a commercial dry feed (#0 crumb) that was continued through 27 d PE with subsequent feedings using a larger version (#1 crumb) of the same diet continuing through 56 d PE (trial end). Broods of trial 2 were split 4 d post-conception into two gorups of pro-larvae (n = 400). Slow growing groups were fed hourly 0800-1700 while fast growing were fed additionally at 0400 and 2200 through 12 d PE. Surviving fish from each size gorup were collected, with random samples (n = 25 fish) measured for TL and weight. Fry (n = 100 where possible) were placed into 151-L aqauriums with slow and fast growing feed regimens maintained through 13-d PE. Culture regimen thereafter was same as trial 1. Fish of both trials were harvested, measured for TL, weight, and survival. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was run one-tailed using SAS. Results of trial 1 indicate size at 12 d was a predictor of TL, weight and survival through 56 d PE (p ≤ 0.156). Size variation at 12 d as a function of genetics is a predictor of growth and survival through 56 d while at least some size variation resulting from early growth rate differences can be overcome by compensatory growth.https://bluetigercommons.lincolnu.edu/lucer-pubs/1007/thumbnail.jp

Measuring the growth of matter fluctuations with third-order galaxy correlations

Measurements of the linear growth factor $D$ at different redshifts $z$ are key to distinguish among cosmological models. One can estimate the derivative $dD(z)/d\ln(1+z)$ from redshift space measurements of the 3D anisotropic galaxy two-point correlation $\xi(z)$, but the degeneracy of its transverse (or projected) component with galaxy bias $b$, i.e. $\xi_{\perp}(z) \propto\ D^2(z) b^2(z)$, introduces large errors in the growth measurement. Here we present a comparison between two methods which break this degeneracy by combining second- and third-order statistics. One uses the shape of the reduced three-point correlation and the other a combination of third-order one- and two-point cumulants. These methods use the fact that, for Gaussian initial conditions and scales larger than $20$ $h^{-1}$Mpc, the reduced third-order matter correlations are independent of redshift (and therefore of the growth factor) while the third-order galaxy correlations depend on $b$. We use matter and halo catalogs from the MICE-GC simulation to test how well we can recover $b(z)$ and therefore $D(z)$ with these methods in 3D real space. We also present a new approach, which enables us to measure $D$ directly from the redshift evolution of second- and third-order galaxy correlations without the need of modelling matter correlations. For haloes with masses lower than $10^{14}$ $h^{-1}$M$_\odot$, we find $10$ deviations between the different estimates of $D$, which are comparable to current observational errors. At higher masses we find larger differences that can probably be attributed to the breakdown of the bias model and non-Poissonian shot noise.Comment: 24 pages, 20 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA

Marine fish hatchery: developments and future trends

The basic procedures for producing marine fish fry in hatcheries developed for milkfish fry production nearly 3 decades ago are the basis of fry production systems for all other marine fish species that are now reared in hatcheries in the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries. These include large-scale microalgae production in outdoor tanks, feeding of appropriate sized rotifer grown on microalgae such as Nannochlorum during the first feeding phase, and shifting to larger prey such as Artemia towards the latter stages of production. In recent years, the increasing demand for high-value species such as groupers, sea bass, red snapper, and pompano in both local and export markets has encouraged a number of hatcheries to produce fry to supply the requirements of fish cage farmers. Techniques are modified using information from research institutions and multi-national firms active in developing products and equipment to improve commercial production of these species. Larval feeds of appropriate sizes, forms and presentation for various larval stages incorporating essential nutrients, micronutrients, and feed stimulants are now available in the market. Diseases in marine fish hatcheries have become common occurrences such that various chemotherapeutants, vaccines, and immunostimulants are now available and increasingly being applied in fish hatcheries. Technological developments in hatchery systems, such as the use of recirculating systems, water pretreatment protocols (ozonation, mircrofiltration, UV light treatment) are also increasingly being adopted by commercial establishments. A critical link between fry production and production of marketable fish is fingerling/ juvenile production in nurseries. Fry are commonly grown in brackishwater fishponds to appropriate size for stocking in fish cages. Methods to improve growth through proper feeding and nutrition, eliminate or reduce disease occurrence and parasite infestation, reduce cannibalism in cannibalistic species such as sea bass, grouper and snappers are active areas of research. Nursery production is integrated with fry production in large commercial facilities but is also done by small-scale fish farmers who have access to fry either from the wild or hatcheries. Commercial hatcheries adopt fingerling production from well-studied species in developed countries. Smallscale farmers however still rely on zooplanktons collected from the wild such as copepods, Moina, mysids, and trash fish as feed. Production is dependent on availability of feed sources and susceptibility to pathogens and parasites that come with the feed. It can also be erratic since smallscale farms are vulnerable to changes in climate and weather conditions. Further technological advancement in marine fish hatcheries will increasingly be led by commercial establishments and industries developing equipment like photobioreactor for microalgae to produce algal paste, or methods to develop intensive systems for rotifer culture. Research institutions will however need to support the needs of the small-scale farmers and hatchery operators who may not be able to apply costly products from these companies by developing innovative simple techniques that can improve culture systems such as producing fry and fingerlings in mesocosm pond system, appropriate use of probiotics as water stabilizer, and production of zooplankton in ponds