Perceptual properties of feedback stimuli influence the feedback‐related negativity in the flanker gambling task

A negative deflection in the event‐related potential is enhanced following error‐ and loss‐related feedback in decision‐making and simple gambling tasks. Researchers have assumed that the perceptual properties of the feedback stimuli are unimportant in explaining these effects. This assumption was tested in the present study through a flanker gambling task, in which the perceptual properties of the feedback were manipulated. Consistent with previous studies, loss elicited a larger feedback‐related negativity ( FRN ) than gain feedback. However, this FRN reward effect was modulated by the perceptual properties of the feedback stimuli. When gain and loss feedback were perceptually similar to each other, the enhancement of the FRN following the loss feedback was smaller compared to when the gain and loss feedback were different from each other. In addition, incongruent feedback elicited a larger FRN than congruent feedback; this FRN congruency effect was larger following gain than loss feedback. These results suggested that perceptual properties of the feedback stimuli play a role in the elicitation of the FRN .Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108013/1/psyp12216.pd

Determinasi Arsen (AS) dan Merkuri (Hg) dalam Air dan Sedimen di Kolam Bekas Tambang Timah (Air Kolong) di Propinsi Bangka-belitung, Indonesia

Indonesia dikenal sebagai produsen timah terbesar kedua di dunia, di mana produksi timah sebagian besar berlokasi di Propinsi Bangka Belitung (Babel), yang termasuk dalam Sabuk Timah Asia Tenggara. Penambangan timah diperkirakan telah berdampak negatif pada lima belas sungai di Babel, sepuluh di antaranya berada di Pulau Bangka. Sebagian besar penduduk di Babel mengandalkan ketersediaan air bersih dari air sungai atau air kolong. Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) menggunakan beberapa kolam bekas penambangan (kolong) sebagai sumber air bakunya untuk diolah dan didistribusikan untuk kepentingan penduduk. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan konsentrasi logam berat arsen (As) dan merkuri (Hg) di dalam air dan sedimen dari beberapa kolong yang digunakan sebagai air baku PDAM. Pengambilan contoh uji dilakukan pada bulan kering dan bulan basah di 5(lima) lokasi dengan 15 titik sampling. Analisis meliputi parameter lapangan dan laboratorium, pengukuran logam Hg menggunakan cold vapor fumeless AAS Varian Spectro, AA 20plusVGA,1996; sedangkan logam As menggunakan AAS-VarianSpectro, AA-20 plus hydride, 1996 (SM 21st.,2005,APHA-AWWA-WEF, Part.No.3114). Hasil penentuan logam berat As dalam sedimen menunjukkan nilai konsentrasi di atas baku mutu sedimen WAC 173-204-320, terutama di Site I, yaitu di musim penghujan pada PDAM Pemali sebesar 84,84 +0,36 mg/L serta di musim kemarau pada air baku PLN Merawang sebesar 99,686+0,084 mg/L dan air baku PDAM Merawang sebesar 76,797+3,685 mg/L. Hasil penentuan logam berat Hg dalam sedimen menunjukkan nilai konsentrasi di atas baku mutu sedimen WAC 173-204-320, di Site I, yaitu di musim kemarau pada air baku PLN Merawang sebesar 0,679+0,001 mg/L, air baku PDAM Pemali sebesar 0,513+0,153 mg/L, Open Pit Pemali TB Timah 0,431+0,160 mg/L, Kolong Kenanga 0,658+0,070 mg/L, Site III Kolong Bikang 0,611+0,031 mg/L, Kolong Acam Rindik 0,444+0,077mg/L. Konsentrasi As dalam air memenuhi baku mutu air baku air minum Peraturan Pemerintah no.82 tahun 2001, sedangkan Hg melebihi bakumut

High-Efficiency MOSFET-based MMC Design for LVDC Distribution Systems

LVDC distribution networks have the potential to release larger capacity without having to upgrade the existing cables. One of the main challenges of LVDC networks is the extra customer-end DC-AC conversion stage. This paper proposes and evaluates a 5-level Si MOSFET-based MMC as a promising alternative to the conventional 2-level IGBT-based converter. This is due to the comparatively higher efficiency, power quality and reliability, and reduced EM emissions. A comprehensive analysis of a Si MOSFET 5-level MMC converter design is performed to investigate the suitability of the topology for LVDC applications. Detailed theoretical analysis of the 5-level MMC is presented, with simulated and experimental results to demonstrate circuit performance. To suppress the AC circulating current, especially the dominant 2nd harmonics, this paper presents a double line-frequency PI with orthogonal imaginary axis control method. Comparison of simulation and experimental results with those for double line-frequency PR control shows that the proposed PI controller has better performance. In addition, it is simpler to implement and more immune to sampling/discretisation errors

Hubungan Dukungan Orang Tua Dengankecemasan Pada Anak Usia Sekolah Pada Saat Akan Dilakukan Pemasangan Infus Di Rsup Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

:Psychological support of parents potentially affect the health status of the child as if the child support system is less then the child will be prone to anxiety. Objective: Unknown Parents support relationship with anxiety in children of school age at the time will be the installation of a drip. Methods: observational analytic method, do is cross sectional approach. Population is the research object or object under study. The number of children treated in the Emergency Room of the Child in September 2016 was 151 children. The sample is part of a whole object under study and are considered representative of the entire population. So the sample: in this study is 45 parents and children who are being treated at Children's Emergency Room. Results Based on the results using a statistical test Chi-Square, the value p value = 0,010. The p-value is less than the value α (α = 0.05) Conclusion : that there is a relationship between anxiety support parents with school-age children. Suggestions : As an input for parents in order to increase support for children during infusion is done so that children can be more at ease when performed invasive procedures

Options for Scaling up Community-Based Health Insurance for Rural Communities in Armenia

This paper summarises the results of a study which examined international experience with regard to community-based health financing (CBHF) schemes, scaling up CBHF schemes, and the feasibility of scaling up community-based health insurance (CBHI) in Armenia. It was based on a literature review of international experience and qualitative research in Armenia. The recommendations derived from this study have relevance both for Armenia and for the use of CBHI schemes as a tool for promoting pro-poor health system reform in low-resource settings more generally

Macerated-Pineapple Core Crude Extract-derived Bromelain Has Low Cytotoxic Effect in NIH-3T3 Fibroblast

BACKGROUND: Bromelain is a sulfhydryl proteolytic enzyme that can hydrolyze protein, protease or peptide. Bromelain can be found in pineapple stem, fruit and core. Bromelain is composed of 212 amino acid residues with cysteine-25 forming a polypeptide chain that can hydrolyze peptide bonds by H2O. In medicine, bromelain has been developed as antibiotic, cancer drug, anti-inflammatory agent and immunomodulator. In dentistry, bromelain has potential to reduce plaque formation on the teeth and to irrigate root canal.METHODS: Pineapple core was dried for 3 days to get simplicia. Then simplicia was extracted with water solvent for 24 hours. After that, the macerated-pineapple core crude extract-derived bromelain (PCB) was separated by Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining to ensure the presence of bromelain. In cytotoxic test, NIH-3T3 fibroblast cultures were treated with extracts in various concentrations to for 24 or 48 hours. Number of fibroblasts was calculated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.RESULTS: Pineapple core extraction using maceration method produced relative high yield (concentration: 1.5424 g/mL) of bromelain, which was confirmed by CBB staining results with the molecular weight of 33 kDa. Based on cytotoxic test results of PCB on NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, 24-hours-incubation LD50 was 95.7 g/L, while 48-hours-incubation LD50 was 51.1 g/L.CONCLUSION: PCB has low cytotoxic effect in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts

Alkaline Pretreatment of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse for Bioethanol Production

Lignocellulosic material, which consist mainly of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, are among the most promising renewable feedstocks for the production of energy and chemicals. The bagasse residue of sweet sorghum can be utilized as raw material for alternative energy such as bioethanol. Bioethanol production consists of pretreatment, saccharification, fermentation and purification process. The pretreatment process was of great importance to ethanol yield. In the present study, alkaline pretreatment was conducted using a steam explosion reactor at 1300C with concentrations of NaOH 6, and 10% (kg/L) for 10, and 30 min. For ethanol production separated hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process were conducted with 30 FPU of Ctec2 and Htec2 enzyme and yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results showed that maximum cellulose conversion to total glucose plus xylose were showed greatest with NaOH 10% for 30 min. The highest yield of ethanol is 96.26% and high concentration of ethanol 66.88 g/L were obtained at SSF condition during 48 h process. Using SSF process could increase yields and concentration of ethanol with less energy process. Article History: Received January 16th 2016; Received in revised form May 25th 2016; Accepted June 28th 2016; Available online How to Cite This Article: Sudiyani, Y., Triwahyuni, E., Muryanto, Burhani, D., Waluyo, J. Sulaswaty, A. and Abimanyu, H. (2016) Alkaline Pretreatment of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse for Bioethanol Production. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 5(2), 113-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.2.113-11

Effect of Combining Electron Beam Irradiation and Alkaline Pretreatments of OPEFB for Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation of Ethanol

The effect of pretreatment process from the combination of electron beam irradiation and alkaline to Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) was studied. The combination of pretreatment method was considered as an alternative way to increase glucose yield. In this study, OPEFB was pretreated using Electron Beam Irradiation (EBI) at 100 kGy and 300 kGy and followed by chemical pretreatment. In chemical pretreatment, irradiated OPEFB was reacted with sodium hydroxide 6% and 10% in stirred vessel at 4 bars and 150 oC for 30 min. The effectiveness of pretreatment was evaluated by calculating the composition of chemical component using National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Method. The samples which were hydrolyzed using enzymes with the addition of 30 FPU of Cellic®CTec2 per gram of pretreated biomass resulted high glucose in the amount of 9.86%. The fermentation process using Saccharomyces cereviceae obtained the highest ethanol concentration for 5.36% at 72h. The combination of the two pretreatment methods gave an effect on the weight loss, chemical composition, structure, and enzymatic hydrolysis produc

Biological Pretreatment of Oil Palm Frond Fiber Using White-Rot Fungi for Enzymatic Saccharification

Oil palm frond is one type of lignocellulosic biomass abundantly and daily available in Indonesia. It contains cellulose which can be converted to glucose, and further processed to produce different kinds of value –added products. The aim of this research is to study the effects of biological pretreatment of oil palm frond (OPF) fiber using Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor on the enzymatic saccharification of the biomass. The OPF fiber (40-60 mesh sizes) was inoculated with cultures of the two fungi and incubated at 27 °C for 4 weeks. The samples were taken after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of incubation. Chemical components of the biomass after pretreatment were analyzed. The saccharification of the pretreated samples using cellulase and β-glucosidase was performed in a water bath shaker at 50 °C for 48 hours. The concentration of reducing sugar increased with increasing of incubation time, either in those pretreated with culture of P. chrysosporium or with T. versicolor. Pretreatment of OPF fiber using single culture of T. versicolor for 4 weeks gave the highest reducing sugar yield (12.61% of dry biomass)