61 research outputs found
The impact of exhibit type on behaviour of caged and free-ranging tamarins
The lack of appropriate stimuli associated with captive environments has been documented to cause several behavioural and physiological issues in captive species, including loss of natural behaviours, psychopathologies and decreased reproductive success. Providing free-ranging, naturalistic exhibits that replicate elements of a species’ natural environment is advocated as a means of promoting and preserving the natural behavioural repertoire in captive species. Exhibition of natural behaviour is considered beneficial to conservation in terms of animal health and welfare, reintroduction success, education and research. This study assessed differences in behaviour of emperor and pied tamarins housed in free-ranging and caged exhibits at Durrell Wildlife Park to determine the impact of exhibit type. Free-ranging tamarins were expected to exhibit a repertoire of behaviours more similar to that of wild tamarins based on their access to a more naturalistic and complex environment. Data was collected on a variety of behaviours, including activity, substrate use and communication, using instantaneous and one-zero sampling at 30 s intervals. Findings indicated that both free-ranging and caged tamarins exhibited natural behaviours; however, there were significant differences in mean rates of behaviours between conditions. Free-ranging tamarins exhibited significantly higher rates of locomotion (emperors: P < 0.001; pieds: P < 0.001), long calls (pieds: P = 0.019) and alarm calls (emperors: P = 0.012), and displayed competent use of the environment in terms of natural substrate use (emperors: P < 0.001; pieds: P = 0.007) and interspecific interactions. Caged tamarins exhibited significantly higher rates of affiliative (emperors: P = 0.001; pieds: P = 0.026) and agonistic (emperors: P = 0.003) intraspecific interactions and time spent in contact (emperors: P = 0.048; pieds: P = 0.043), which was largely attributed to spatial restrictions imposed by caged exhibits. This study, consistent with existing literature, indicated that the free-ranging exhibit was conducive to the expression of a behavioural repertoire more similar to that of wild tamarins. This was probably a result of the increased behavioural opportunities available in the free-ranging exhibit, highlighting their importance in promoting wild-type behaviours. However, some mean rates of behaviour were still noticeably less than those documented in wild counterparts. Methods to further promote natural behaviours in both exhibits are recommended to facilitate ex situ and in situ conservation efforts
Bibliometric characteristics of the journal Science: Pre-Koshland, Koshland and post-Koshland period
Beyond forcing scenarios: predicting climate change through response operators in a coupled general circulation model
Global Climate Models are key tools for predicting the future response of the climate system to a variety of natural and anthropogenic forcings. Here we show how to use statistical mechanics to construct operators able to flexibly predict climate change for a variety of climatic variables of interest. We perform our study on a fully coupled model - MPI-ESM v.1.2 - and for the first time we prove the effectiveness of response theory in predicting future climate response to CO2 increase on a vast range of temporal scales, from inter-annual to centennial, and for very diverse climatic quantities. We investigate within a unified perspective the transient climate response and the equilibrium climate sensitivity and assess the role of fast and slow processes. The prediction of the ocean heat uptake highlights the very slow relaxation to a newly established steady state. The change in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is accurately predicted. The AMOC strength is initially reduced and then undergoes a slow and only partial recovery. The ACC strength initially increases as a result of changes in the wind stress, then undergoes a slowdown, followed by a recovery leading to a overshoot with respect to the initial value. Finally, we are able to predict accurately the temperature change in the Northern Atlantic
Individual, social, and environmental factors affecting salivary and fecal cortisol levels in captive pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor)
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Price, E., Coleman, R., Ahsmann, J., Glendewar, G., Hunt, J., Smith, T. & Wormell, D. (2019). Individual, social, and environmental factors affecting salivary and fecal cortisol levels in captive pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor). American Journal of Primatology, 81(8), which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23033. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-ArchivingPied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor) are endangered New World primates, and in captivity
appear to be very susceptible to stress. We measured cortisol in 214 saliva samples
from 36 tamarins and in 227 fecal samples from 27 tamarins, and investigated
the effects of age, sex, pregnancy, rearing history, social status, weight, group
composition, and enclosure type using generalized linear mixed models. There was no
effect of age on either fecal or salivary cortisol levels. Female pied tamarins in late
pregnancy had higher fecal cortisol levels than those in early pregnancy, or
nonpregnant females, but there was no effect of pregnancy on salivary cortisol.
Females had higher salivary cortisol levels than males, but there was no effect of
rearing history. However, for fecal cortisol, there was an interaction between sex and
rearing history. Hand‐reared tamarins overall had higher fecal cortisol levels, but
while male parent‐reared tamarins had higher levels than females who were parent‐
reared, the reverse was true for hand‐reared individuals. There was a trend towards
lower fecal cortisol levels in subordinate individuals, but no effect of status on
salivary cortisol. Fecal but not salivary cortisol levels declined with increasing weight.
We found little effect of group composition on cortisol levels in either saliva or feces,
suggesting that as long as tamarins are housed socially, the nature of the group is of
less importance. However, animals in off‐show enclosures had higher salivary and
fecal cortisol levels than individuals housed on‐show. We suggest that large on‐show
enclosures with permanent access to off‐exhibit areas may compensate for the
effects of visitor disturbance, and a larger number of tamarins of the same species
housed close together may explain the higher cortisol levels found in tamarins living
in off‐show accommodation, but further research is needed
Artigos de periódicos científicos das áreas de informação no Brasil: evolução da produção e da autoria múltipla
Anomalous electric field changes and high flash rate beneath a thunderstorm in northeast India
Introduction to the special issue on the statistical mechanics of climate
We introduce the special issue on the Statistical Mechanics of Climate by presenting an informal discussion of some theoretical aspects of climate dynamics that make it a topic of great interest for mathematicians and theoretical physicists. In particular, we briefly discuss its nonequilibrium and multiscale properties, the relationship between natural climate variability and climate change, the different regimes of climate response to perturbations, and critical transitions
Periódicos em ação: um estudo exploratório-bibliométrico na área de Administração, Ciências Contábeis e Turismo
Atributos e dimensões de qualidade da informação nas Ciências Contábeis e na Ciência da Informação: um estudo comparativo
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