26 research outputs found
The Law and Policy of Child Maltreatment
Each year in the United States some four million children are reported to child protective services and hundreds of thousands of children are confirmed victims of maltreatment. This chapter provides a brief overview of the civil and criminal lawâs response to child abuse and neglect. It summarizes the major federal statutes that provide funding to the states to support both civil and criminal law responses to maltreatment. It discusses the division of responsible for responding to child maltreatment between the federal and state governments (federalism). It also provides a summary of the constitutional framework for handling both civil and criminal child maltreatment cases
Applying blockchain to improve the integrity of the software development process
Software development is a complex endeavor that encompasses application and implementation layers with functional (refers to
what is done) and non-functional (how is done) aspects. The efforts to
scale agile software development practices are not wholly able to address
issues such as integrity, which is a crucial non-functional aspect of the
software development process. However, if we consider most software failures are Byzantine failures (i.e., where components may fail and there is
imperfect information on which a component has failed.) that might impair the operation but do not completely disable the production line. In
this paper, we assume software practitioners who cause defects as Byzantine participants and claim that most software failures can be mitigated
by viewing software development as the Byzantine Generals Problem.
Consequently, we propose a test-driven incentive mechanism based on
a blockchain concept to orchestrate the software development process
where production is controlled by a similar infrastructure based on the
working principles of blockchain. We discuss the model that integrates
blockchain with the software development process, and provide some recommendations for future work to address the issues while orchestrating
software productio
Child witnesses productively respond to "How" questions about evaluations but struggle with other "How" questions
Child interviewers are often advised to avoid asking âHowâ questions, particularly with young children. However, children tend to answer âHowâ evaluative questions productively (e.g., âHow did you feel?â). âHowâ evaluative questions are phrased as a âHowâ followed by an auxiliary verb (e.g., âdidâ or âwasâ), but so are âHowâ questions requesting information about method or manner (e.g., âHow did he touch you?â), and âHowâ method/manner questions might be more difficult for children to answer. We examined 458 5- to 17-year-old children questioned about sexual abuse, identified 2485 "Howâ questions with an auxiliary verb, and classified them as âHowâ evaluative (n = 886) or âHowâ method/manner (n = 1599). Across age, children gave more productive answers to âHowâ evaluative questions than âHowâ method/manner questions. Although even young children responded appropriately to âHowâ method/manner questions over 80% of the time, specific types of âHowâ method/manner questions were particularly difficult, including questions regarding clothing, body positioning, and the nature of touch. Childrenâs difficulties lie in specific combinations of âHowâ questions and topics, rather than âHowâ questions in general
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F.J. Turnerâs âfrontier thesisâ: the ruse of American âcharacter'
American society was transformed by the expansion of capital Westward and the explosion in opportunities that ensued for land grabbing and agricultural and industrial investment. In Turnerâs (1961) frontier thesis this was portrayed as resulting in the emergence of âthe new manâ i.e. the fulfilment of American character. The frontier thesis is a neo-Darwinian contribution. It posits exceptionalism and transcendence as the keys to American character. The gene pool of the Americans, thriving in a new geographical and social environment, is depicted as achieving a higher level of development than the stratified societies of Old Europe. What the thesis ignores is the importance of orthodox Eurocentric strategies of colonization and land appropriation. Turner portrays pioneer/settler society as a heroic departure, but in many ways, it is a continuation of European precedents. Analogously, the proposition that the push West crystallized American character obscures the role of personality, especially in urban-industrial settings, in establishing the parameters of American life. Turner conceived of character as emerging from a struggle with the spatial frontier. But the struggles of personality with the social frontier of repression and establishment values is no less significant. The paper examines the tensions between character and personality by using some ideas developed by Carl Schmitt on the significance of âthe opportunityâ in competitive advantage. The importance of the opportunity and personality in developing the American way of life are examined by the vaudeville and celebrity traditions. The exploitation of contingency for personal advantage, the use of melodrama to engineer social impact, the social validation of forthright behaviour are examined in the context of the careers of the film actress Mae West and the comedian Bob Hope