Nutritional considerations during prolonged exposure to a confined, hyperbaric, hyperoxic environment: Recommendations for saturation divers

Saturation diving is an occupation that involves prolonged exposure to a confined, hyperoxic, hyperbaric environment. The unique and extreme environment is thought to result in disruption to physiological and metabolic homeostasis, which may impact human health and performance. Appropriate nutritional intake has the potential to alleviate and/or support many of these physiological and metabolic concerns, whilst enhancing health and performance in saturation divers. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to identify the physiological and practical challenges of saturation diving and consequently provide evidence-based nutritional recommendations for saturation divers to promote health and performance within this challenging environment. Saturation diving has a high-energy demand, with an energy intake of between 44 and 52 kcal/kg body mass per day recommended, dependent on intensity and duration of underwater activity. The macronutrient composition of dietary intake is in accordance with the current Institute of Medicine guidelines at 45-65 % and 20-35 % of total energy intake for carbohydrate and fat intake, respectively. A minimum daily protein intake of 1.3 g/kg body mass is recommended to facilitate body composition maintenance. Macronutrient intake between individuals should, however, be dictated by personal preference to support the attainment of an energy balance. A varied diet high in fruit and vegetables is highly recommended for the provision of sufficient micronutrients to support physiological processes, such as vitamin B12 and folate intake to facilitate red blood cell production. Antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, are also recommended to reduce oxidised molecules, e.g. free radicals, whilst selenium and zinc intake may be beneficial to reinforce endogenous antioxidant reserves. In addition, tailored hydration and carbohydrate fueling strategies for underwater work are also advised

Scaling the state: Egypt in the third millennium BC

Discussions of the early Egyptian state suffer from a weak consideration of scale. Egyptian archaeologists derive their arguments primarily from evidence of court cemeteries, elite tombs, and monuments of royal display. The material informs the analysis of kingship, early writing, and administration but it remains obscure how the core of the early Pharaonic state was embedded in the territory it claimed to administer. This paper suggests that the relationship between centre and hinterland is key for scaling the Egyptian state of the Old Kingdom (ca. 2,700-2,200 BC). Initially, central administration imagines Egypt using models at variance with provincial practice. The end of the Old Kingdom demarcates not the collapse, but the beginning of a large-scale state characterized by the coalescence of central and local models

Effiziente Produktion von komplexen Kunststoffoptiken/Efficient production of complex plastic optics. Photonics production through intelligent technology (BMBF project ePiTec)

Kunststoffoptik ist Innovationstreiber in zahlreichen Produkten, um Sensorik, Kameratechnik, Beleuchtung oder auch beispielsweise Augmented- und Virtual-Reality-Anwendungen zu ermöglichen. Kurze Entwicklungszeiten, kosteneffiziente Produktion in der Serie und komplexe Gestaltungsfreiheit sind Anforderungen, die sich aus der Produktgestaltung an die Kunststoffoptikproduktion ableiten lassen. Im Rahmen des vom BMBF geförderten Projekts ePiTec konnten maßgebliche Verbesserungen entlang der Prozesskette zur replikativen Herstellung von Kunststoffoptiken erarbeitet werden. &amp;nbsp; Plastic optics is a driver of innovation in numerous products to enable sensor technology, camera technology, lighting or, for example, augmented and virtual reality applications. Short development times, cost-efficient series production and a complex design freedom are requirements that can be derived from the product design to the plastic optics production. As part of the BMBF-funded ePiTec project, significant improvements were made along the process chain for the replicative production of plastic optics.</p

Subclonal somatic copy number alterations emerge and dominate in recurrent osteosarcoma

AbstractMultiple large-scale tumor genomic profiling efforts have been undertaken in osteosarcoma, however, little is known about the spatial and temporal intratumor heterogeneity and how it may drive treatment resistance. We performed whole-genome sequencing of 37 tumor samples from eight patients with relapsed or refractory osteosarcoma. Each patient had at least one sample from a primary site and a metastatic or relapse site. We identified subclonal copy number alterations in all but one patient. We observed that in five patients, a subclonal copy number clone from the primary tumor emerged and dominated at subsequent relapses.MYCgain/amplification was enriched in the treatment-resistant clone in 6 out of 7 patients with more than one clone. Amplifications in other potential driver genes, such asCCNE1,RAD21,VEGFA, andIGF1R, were also observed in the resistant copy number clones. Our study sheds light on intratumor heterogeneity and the potential drivers of treatment resistance in osteosarcoma.SignificanceSubclonal copy number clones emerged and dominated in relapsed osteosarcoma, withMYCgain/amplification being the defining characteristic in our cohort. Selective pressure from neoadjuvant chemotherapy revealed this clone at the time of primary resection, highlighting that genomic profiling at this time may identify clones that are selected for, or determine innate resistance to primary chemotherapy.</jats:sec