Specialty Preference Among Medical Students and Factors Affecting It

Introduction: Medical education is one of the core part of educational system of any country. Medical education requires undergraduate students to study a wide range of medical specialties. It is often assumed that students do not make their career preferences until after they have graduated from medical school. So the reasons and factors responsible for preferences need to be found out among medical students. Material and Methods: It was a Cross sectional study on 180 medical students to assess preference for specialty and factors responsible. Results: Out of total 190 medical students more or less everyone (97.89%) wanted to pursue specialization and majority of them (96.84%) wanted to pursue the same in Medical Field(p>0.05). majority of male students were interested to pursue their specialization in the field of medicine (37.63%), surgery (23.65%) and pediatrics (13.97%). On the other hand female students were more interested in medicine (24.17%), pediatrics (32.96%) and obstetrics & gynecology (24.17%)(p<0.05). Interest, by far was found to be most common factor (76.63%) responsible for the preference of particular medical specialty among all four groups of students (1st professional-25.27%, 2nd professional-75.92%, final professional-89.47%, interns-68.42%).Conclusion: It is thus concluded there are many factors playing role in the specialty selection and preference among the medical students and should be equally justified and addressed

Biomaterials‐Based Approaches to Tumor Spheroid and Organoid Modeling

Evolving understanding of structural and biological complexity of tumors has stimulated development of physiologically relevant tumor models for cancer research and drug discovery. A major motivation for developing new tumor models is to recreate the 3D environment of tumors and context‐mediated functional regulation of cancer cells. Such models overcome many limitations of standard monolayer cancer cell cultures. Under defined culture conditions, cancer cells self‐assemble into 3D constructs known as spheroids. Additionally, cancer cells may recapitulate steps in embryonic development to self‐organize into 3D cultures known as organoids. Importantly, spheroids and organoids reproduce morphology and biologic properties of tumors, providing valuable new tools for research, drug discovery, and precision medicine in cancer. This Progress Report discusses uses of both natural and synthetic biomaterials to culture cancer cells as spheroids or organoids, specifically highlighting studies that demonstrate how these models recapitulate key properties of native tumors. The report concludes with the perspectives on the utility of these models and areas of need for future developments to more closely mimic pathologic events in tumors.State‐of‐the‐art approaches using natural, synthetic, and composite biomaterials for 3D tumor modeling are presented in this Progress Report. Furthermore, it is discussed how these models uniquely reproduce key properties of native tumors to facilitate basic and applied cancer research and cancer drug discovery efforts.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142941/1/adhm201700980.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142941/2/adhm201700980-sup-0001-S1.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142941/3/adhm201700980_am.pd

Neutron interferometric measurement of the scattering length difference between the triplet and singlet states of n-3^3He

We report a determination of the n-$^3$He scattering length difference $\Delta b^{\prime} = b_{1}^{\prime}-b_{0}^{\prime} =$ ($-5.411$ $\pm$ $0.031$ (statistical) $\pm$ $0.039$ (systematic)) fm between the triplet and singlet states using a neutron interferometer. This revises our previous result $\Delta b^{\prime} =$ (-5.610 $\pm$ $0.027$ (statistical) $\pm$ $0.032$ (systematic) fm obtained using the same technique in 2008. This revision is due to a re-analysis of the 2008 experiment that includes a more robust treatment of the phase shift caused by magnetic field gradients near the $^3$He cell. Furthermore, we more than doubled our original data set from 2008 by acquiring six months of additional data in 2013. Both the new data set and a re-analysis of the older data are in good agreement. Scattering lengths of low Z isotopes are valued for use in few-body nuclear effective field theories, provide important tests of modern nuclear potential models and in the case of $^3$He aid in the interpretation of neutron scattering from quantum liquids. The difference $\Delta b^{\prime}$ was determined by measuring the relative phase shift between two incident neutron polarizations caused by the spin-dependent interaction with a polarized $^3$He target. The target $^3$He gas was sealed inside a small, flat windowed glass cell that was placed in one beam path of the interferometer. The relaxation of $^3$He polarization was monitored continuously with neutron transmission measurements. The neutron polarization and spin flipper efficiency were determined separately using $^3$He analyzers and two different polarimetry analysis methods. A summary of the measured scattering lengths for n-$^3$He with a comparison to nucleon interaction models is given

ROLE OF EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT IN OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK

The ever-developing interest of present day society for information with enhanced execution over longer separations have made the system complex in terms of architecture, technologies, Network Elements, communication between Network Elements, security and signaling control. Equipment Management as a segment of Network Management System gives administrators the capacity to control general operation of the NEs, superintend interaction among NEs and to upper layer administration framework, thus automating the task of managing complex network. This paper presents the role of Equipment Management in Optical Transport Network and some of its challenges

Incidence of Snake Bites in Kashan, Iran During an Eight Year Period (2004-2011)

Background: Snake bites are one of the significant health problems in the tropical and subtropical regions. Snake bite is a common medical emergency in Iran, and the epidemiological features and management of such cases vary from region to region. Objectives: This present research study was conducted to obtain new information about the epidemiology of snake bites in the region of Kashan, located in the central part of Iran. Patients and Methods: This research was a descriptive retrospective study. Data from 2004 to 2011 of snakebite cases were collected from case reports. Information included; age and sex of the victim, district, month of incident, mortality, and time of bite. Results: The results of this study showed that the majority of snake bite patients were male (96%). The age distribution of patients indicated that the greatest rate of snake bites occurred among the 15-24 year old group. Data collected in this study revealed that the highest incidence of snake bite cases took place in summer (60%) and the lowest number occurred in winter, with no snake bite cases being recorded. The peak number of snakebite cases was seen during June-September. Conclusions: It was concluded that snake bite cases in Kashan are similar to other areas in Iran from an epidemiological point of view, including; age distribution rates, gender and site of the bites. The existence of Macrov ipera lebetina, a dangerous venomous snake, can cause a range of clinical effects among residents in central parts of Iran, such as Kashan area

ELECTIVE EXPERIENCES OF FOREIGN MEDICAL STUDENTS AT THE TEACHING HOSPITAL OF TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE, NEPAL

This paper has attempted to document and analyze the trend and experiences of foreign medical students enrolled in the elective programme organized by the Medical Education Department (MED) at the Teaching Hospital of the Tribhuvan University (TUTH), Institute of Medicine in Kathmandu. Elective documents have been analyzed for the period between 1997-2000 and a written questionnaire survey has been administered to a total of 73 foreign medical students who completed elective in the year 2000. Over a period of four years a total of 268 students had undergone elective posting in various departments of TUTH. More than half of the students (55%) came from European universities. More than 60% of respondents (n=73) considered the opportunity to see variety of patients as the main strength of the elective programme. Overwhelming majority of respondents (95%) rated the learning experience as good or excellent. The most favoured department was the Internal Medicine. The study demonstrates the unique value of elective in enriching student learning in medical education. The traditional belief that all students should have a uniform curriculum throughout their training has been largely challenged. 1 The insights gained could perhaps, inspire medical schools to seriously think about introducing elective provision as an essential component of their undergraduate curricula. 1. Medical Education Department, TU Institute of Medicine. Address for correspondence : Dr. D. S. Pant, MD, MHPED, Assistant Director & Elective Programme Coordinator, Medical Education Department, TU Institute of Medicine, P.O. Box: 1524, Kathmandu, Nepal. Email: [email protected], Home Page: www.nchped.org.np Key Words: Elective terms, overseas elective, elective experience in developing countries, core and elective options, undergraduate medical elective

Decoupling of a Neutron Interferometer from Temperature Gradients

Neutron interferometry enables precision measurements that are typically operated within elaborate, multi-layered facilities which provide substantial shielding from environmental noise. These facilities are necessary to maintain the coherence requirements in a perfect crystal neutron interferometer which is extremely sensitive to local environmental conditions such as temperature gradients across the interferometer, external vibrations, and acoustic waves. The ease of operation and breadth of applications of perfect crystal neutron interferometry would greatly benefit from a mode of operation which relaxes these stringent isolation requirements. Here, the INDEX Collaboration and National Institute of Standards and Technology demonstrates the functionality of a neutron interferometer in vacuum and characterize the use of a compact vacuum chamber enclosure as a means to isolate the interferometer from spatial temperature gradients and time-dependent temperature fluctuations. The vacuum chamber is found to have no depreciable effect on the performance of the interferometer (contrast) while improving system stability, thereby showing that it is feasible to replace large temperature isolation and control systems with a compact vacuum enclosure for perfect crystal neutron interferometry

Dry Eye among Medical Students of Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara, Nepal

Introduction: Dry eye disease results from decreased tear production, increased evaporation of tears and inflammation. Medical students of­ten have dry eyes due to use of projectors, computers for study and also due to use of mobiles. Objective: The present study was undertaken to find out dry eye by Schirmer 1 test with local anesthesia and measurement of wetting of Schirmer test strip. Methods: Schirmer 1 test with anesthesia was performed on 200 medi­cal students from June 1, 2017 to June 1, 2018 after obtaining informed consent and after applying some exclusion criteria. The test was per­formed by first applying 4% topical lignocaine and then using Whatman filter paper no 41 and wetting of the filter paper measured after five minutes and time noted. Results: 146 (73%) Among 200 Students, were males and 54 (27%) were females. Mean age of patients was 21.73 ±1.42 years. Mild dry eye was seen in 19.5%, moderate in 13% and severe dry eye in 13.5% of medical students Conclusion: Dry eye is one of common ocular disease among medical students