On The Synchrotron Self-Compton Emission from Relativistic Shocks and Its Implications for Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows

We consider the effects of inverse Compton scattering of synchrotron photons from relativistic electrons in GRB afterglows. We compute the spectrum of the inverse Compton emission and find that it can dominate the total cooling rate of the afterglow for several months or even years after the initial explosion. We demonstrate that the presence of strong inverse Compton cooling can be deduced from the effect it has on the time-evolution of the cooling break in the synchrotron spectral component, and therefore on the optical and X-ray afterglow lightcurves. We then show how the physical interpretation of the observed characteristics of the synchrotron spectrum must be modified to take into consideration this extra source of cooling, and give a revised prescription for computing physical parameters characterizing the expanding shock wave from the observed quantities. We find that for a given set of observables (synchrotron break frequencies and fluxes) there is either no consistent physical interpretation or two of them. Finally we discuss the prospects of directly detecting the inverse Compton emission with Chandra. We argue that such a detection is possible for GRBs exploding in a reasonably dense (n>1 cm^-3) medium.Comment: 21 pages, ApJ submitte

Manajemen Kurikulum 2013 oleh Kepala Sekolah

The general purpose of the research was to describe curriculum 2013 management by principle in public Senior High School Number 1 Seluma Regency. The results of the researchwas: (1) planning of curriculum 2013 by principle was done well. (2) organizing the implementation of curriculum 2013 by the principle senior teacher who understand more about curriculum 2013. (3) principle role in succesing the implementation of curriculum 2013 was very vital, he was always held a supervision to his teachers, monitoring and evaluating the progress. (4)the principle in solved the problems faced in implementing curriculum 2013 was downloaded teachers guide and student guide book trought internet and coordinating with vice headmaster and curriculum development team

Eccentricity Evolution for Planets in Gaseous Disks

We investigate the hypothesis that interactions between a giant planet and the disk from which it forms promote eccentricity growth. These interactions are concentrated at discrete Lindblad and corotation resonances. Interactions at principal Lindblad resonances cause the planet's orbit to migrate and open a gap in the disk if the planet is sufficiently massive. Those at first order Lindblad and corotation resonances change the planet's orbital eccentricity. Eccentricity is excited by interactions at external Lindblad resonances which are located on the opposite side of corotation from the planet, and damped by co-orbital Lindblad resonances which overlap the planet's orbit. If the planet clears a gap in the disk, the rate of eccentricity damping by co-orbital Lindblad resonances is reduced. Density gradients associated with the gap activate eccentricity damping by corotation resonances at a rate which initially marginally exceeds that of eccentricity excitation by external Lindblad resonances. But the corotation torque drives a mass flux which reduces the density gradient near the resonance. Sufficient partial saturation of corotation resonances can tip the balance in favor of eccentricity excitation. A minimal initial eccentricity of a few percent is required to overcome viscous diffusion which acts to unsaturate corotation resonances by reestablishing the large scale density gradient. Thus eccentricity growth is a finite amplitude instability. Formally, interactions at the apsidal resonance, which is a special kind of co-orbital Lindblad resonance, appears to damp eccentricity faster than external Lindblad resonances can excite it. However, apsidal waves have such long wavelengths that they do not propagate in protoplanetary disks. This reduces eccentricity damping by the apsidal resonance to a modest level.Comment: Submitted to Ap

Penerapan Metode Presentasi Ilmiah Berbasis Poster untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berbicara Siswa Kelas V Sekolah Dasar

The research was distributed by associated low speaking skills students in class V SD Negeri Neglasari 01, district Cileunyi, Bandung Regency. Based on the results of observation on the ground that the number of students who are less confident and shywhen speaking in front of the class. This problem is also effected by suboptimal application of models and methods of learning. In addition, the lack of use of media that can improve the learning activities of students at the time of learning. As for the research model used is the class action research (PTK) Jhon Elliot. The research was conducted in three cycles. Each cycle consists of three acts. Research instrument used  guidelines assessment, observation sheets, records of field documentation and interview sheet. Data analysis techniques used in this research is quantitative data analysis techniques, qualitative data analysis techniques and triangulation. Based on the research that has been done, the average value of the student's activity cycle I 55.46, cycle II 67.29 and cycle III 78.94. While the average value of speaking skills students cycle I 60.81, cycle II 69.75 and cycle III 80.38. Thus, the results show that the method of presentation of scientifically-based posterscould increase activity and speaking skills of students

Papua in Media: a Discourse Critical Analysis of Economic News in Three National Indonesian Newspapers

For so many years, peace in Papua has become a high critical thing in Indonesian politics. In order to find the solution, the paradigm has been shifted from security to welfare or economic approach. Article explored the impact of religion affiliation toward news making and news frame, especially in economic news published by mass media. This research was developed to explore the framing formed by three media outlets which each of them affiliated with certain religion. This research focused on the analysis of economic articles published by three media outlets; Sinar Harapan, Republika, and Kompas daily. The method of framing analysis was based on Robert N. Entman theory, while the critical discourse analysis method was based on Norman Fairclough theory. Political economics theories such as Vincent Mosco, Robert E. Babe, and D.W. Smythe to analyze the influence of religion affiliation in news production were also used. Meanwhile, some political communication theories such as Brian McNair, Dann Nimmo, Noam Chomsky and Denis McQuail were also used to know how media stands in Papua conflict. From the research, it is discovered that the religion affiliation has a big impact on news media and its content, and also the frame that is built. Not only political-economic matters, but "the-sense-of-belonging" of the owner through particular religion gives impact to media policy. The content and frame are finally influencing political communication in Indonesia in Papua conflict particularly

Tindak Pidana Korupsi Dalam Bentuk Gratifikasi Seksual

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana Perumusan tindak pidana gratifikasi seksual kedepan dan bagaimana pembalikan beban pembuktian dalam peradilan tindak pidana korupsi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penyusunan Skripsi ini, yaitu metode penelitian hukum normatif dan dapat disimpulkan, bahwa: 1. Setiap gratifikasi kepada pegawai negeri atau penyelenggara negara dianggap suap, apabila berhubungan dengan jabatannya dan yang berlawanan dengan kewajiban atau tugasnya yakni meliputi pemberian uang, barang, rabat (discount), komisi, pinjaman tanpa bunga, tiket perjalanan, fasilitas penginapan, perjalanan wisata, pengobatan cuma-cuma, dan fasilitas lainnya. Namun gratifikasi seksual belum termasuk dalam ketentuan Perundang-undangan tindak pidana korupsi maka perlu Perumusan secara tersendiri tentang gratifikasi seksual. 2.Pembalikan Beban Pembuktian Gratifikasi Seksual tentunya akan menggunakan Pembalikan Beban Pembuktian menurut pasal 12 B UU No. 20 Tahun 2001. Bahwa yang nilainya Rp 10.000.000,- atau lebih dibuktikan oleh penerima gratifikasi dan yang nilainya kurang dari Rp 10.000.000,- dilakukan oleh penuntut umum

Analysis of Information and Communication Technology Literacy Capabilities to the High School Physics Teacher in Merauke

A physics teacher needs information and Communication Technology (ICT) literacy skills in teaching and learning in the classroom. This study aims to analyze the ICT literacy skills of high school physics teachers in Merauke city. This type of research is descriptive quantitative research. Respondents involved in this study were 19 high school physics teachers in Merauke City (Merauke District). The instrument used to collect data was an ICT literacy ability questionnaire developed by researchers totaling 40 statements. The research data were processed using descriptive statistical analysis techniques by determining the percentage of respondents' responses. The analysis showed that the average rate of ICT literacy skills in high school physics teachers was 87%. This means that in general, the ICT literacy skills of high school physics teachers in Merauke City are in the "excellent" category