Données récentes d’études scandinaves. Traiter la dépression : une stratégie efficace de prévention du suicide?

Cet article vise à éclairer les planificateurs en santé publique, le personnel clinique et les intervenants en prévention du suicide au Québec ainsi que les familles et le public francophone à propos de récentes études sur le traitement de la dépression comme stratégie de prévention du suicide. Les auteurs en résument les conclusions, passent en revue les méthodes et examinent les résultats dans une perspective de santé publique visant à établir une stratégie efficace de prévention. Ils soulignent que le traitement de la dépression pourrait non seulement réduire les taux de suicide mais avoir des effets importants sur la santé publique en réduisant les incapacités liées à la dépression, en plus d'avoir un impact sur les futures générations à risque. Les obstacles au développement d'une telle stratégie sont soulignés en référence spécifique à la situation du Québec.Treating depression is an effective population suicide prevention strategy: recent evidence from Scandinavian studies This article's objective is to signal to the Quebec and the francophone audience of public planners and decision makers, clinical and suicide prevention workers, staff, relatives as well as the public of these recent breakthrough findings that provides strong evidence now that increasing the treatment of depression is an effective suicide prevention strategy. The article summarizes the evidence published recently and then critically reviews the methods and if the evidence fits within a complete public health perspective demonstration of an effective suicide prevention strategy. It highlights that the treatment of depression may not only decrease suicide rates but have much more larger public health effects by decreasing the disability associated with depression and have impact on future generations at risk of depression and suicide. The obstacles to developing such nation-wide strategy of increasing the treatment of depression will be highlighted with specific reference to the situation in Quebec.Datos recientes de investigaciones escandinavas. Tratar la depresión: ¿una estragegia eficaz de prevención del suicidio? El artículo quiere alumbrar los planificadores en salud pública, el personal clínico y los intervenantes en prevención del suicidio en Quebec asi que las familias y el público francófono sobre estudios recientes tocando el tratamiento de la depresión como estrategia de prevención del suicidio. Los autores resumen las conclusiones, pasan revista las métodas y examinan los resultados desde una perspectiva de salud pública con objeto de establecer una estrategia eficaz de prevención. Subrayan que el tratamiento de la depresión podria no solamente reducir las tasas del suicidio pero tener efectos importantes sobre la salud pública reduciendo las incapacidades ligadas a la depresión y además tener un impacto sobre generaciones futuras a riesgo. Los obstáculos al desarrollo de tal estrategia estan subrayados con referencia específica a la situación del Québec.Dados recentes de estudos escandinavos. Tratar a depressão: uma estratégia eficaz de prevenção contra o suicídio? Este artigo visa informar os promotores em saúde pública, os funcionários clínicos e os assistentes em prevenção contra o suicídio no Quebec, e também as famílias e o público francófono a respeito dos estudos recentes sobre o tratamento da depressão como estratégia na prevenção contra o suicídio. Os autores resumem aqui as conclusões, analisam os métodos e examinam os resultados em uma perspectiva de saúde pública visando estabelecer uma estratégia eficaz de prevenção. Eles ressaltam que o tratamento da depressão poderia, não apenas diminuir a taxa de suicídio, mas ter efeitos importantes na saúde pública, reduzindo a incapacidade ligada à depressão, além de ter um impacto nas futuras gerações em risco. Os obstáculos ao desenvolvimento de tal estratégia são ressaltados fazendo referência específica à situação do Quebec

Assessment of ion kinetic effects in shock-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions using fusion burn imaging

The significance and nature of ion kinetic effects in D3He-filled, shock-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions are assessed through measurements of fusion burn profiles. Over this series of experiments, the ratio of ion-ion mean free path to minimum shell radius (the Knudsen number, NK) was varied from 0.3 to 9 in order to probe hydrodynamic-like to strongly kinetic plasma conditions; as the Knudsen number increased, hydrodynamic models increasingly failed to match measured yields, while an empirically-tuned, first-step model of ion kinetic effects better captured the observed yield trends [Rosenberg et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 185001 (2014)]. Here, spatially resolved measurements of the fusion burn are used to examine kinetic ion transport effects in greater detail, adding an additional dimension of understanding that goes beyond zero-dimensional integrated quantities to one-dimensional profiles. In agreement with the previous findings, a comparison of measured and simulated burn profiles shows that models including ion transport effects are able to better match the experimental results. In implosions characterized by large Knudsen numbers (NK3), the fusion burn profiles predicted by hydrodynamics simulations that exclude ion mean free path effects are peaked far from the origin, in stark disagreement with the experimentally observed profiles, which are centrally peaked. In contrast, a hydrodynamics simulation that includes a model of ion diffusion is able to qualitatively match the measured profile shapes. Therefore, ion diffusion or diffusion-like processes are identified as a plausible explanation of the observed trends, though further refinement of the models is needed for a more complete and quantitative understanding of ion kinetic effects

Mechanosignaling activation of TGFβ maintains intervertebral disc homeostasis

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is the leading cause of disability with no disease-modifying treatment. IVD degeneration is associated with instable mechanical loading in the spine, but little is known about how mechanical stress regulates nucleus notochordal (NC) cells to maintain IVD homeostasis. Here we report that mechanical stress can result in excessive integrin αv β6-mediated activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), decreased NC cell vacuoles, and increased matrix proteoglycan production, and results in degenerative disc disease (DDD). Knockout of TGFβ type II receptor (TβRII) or integrin α v in the NC cells inhibited functional activity of postnatal NC cells and also resulted in DDD under mechanical loading. Administration of RGD peptide, TGFβ, and α v β 6-neutralizing antibodies attenuated IVD degeneration. Thus, integrin-mediated activation of TGFβ plays a critical role in mechanical signaling transduction to regulate IVD cell function and homeostasis. Manipulation of this signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target to modify DDD

Which executive functioning deficits are associated with AD/HD, ODD/CD and comorbid AD/HD+ODD/CD?

Item does not contain fulltextThis study investigated (1) whether attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is associated with executive functioning (EF) deficits while controlling for oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD), (2) whether ODD/CD is associated with EF deficits while controlling for AD/HD, and (3)~whether a combination of AD/HD and ODD/CD is associated with EF deficits (and the possibility that there is no association between EF deficits and AD/HD or ODD/CD in isolation). Subjects were 99~children ages 6–12 years. Three putative domains of EF were investigated using well-validated tests: verbal fluency, working memory, and planning. Independent of ODD/CD, AD/HD was associated with deficits in planning and working memory, but not in verbal fluency. Only teacher rated AD/HD, but not parent rated AD/HD, significantly contributed to the prediction of EF task performance. No EF deficits were associated with ODD/CD. The presence of comorbid AD/HD accounts for the EF deficits in children with comorbid AD/HD+ODD/CD. These results suggest that EF deficits are unique to AD/HD and support the model proposed by R. A. Barkley (1997).17 p

Preparation of anti-vicinal amino alcohols: asymmetric synthesis of D-erythro-Sphinganine, (+)-spisulosine and D-ribo-phytosphingosine

Two variations of the Overman rearrangement have been developed for the highly selective synthesis of anti-vicinal amino alcohol natural products. A MOM-ether directed palladium(II)-catalyzed rearrangement of an allylic trichloroacetimidate was used as the key step for the preparation of the protein kinase C inhibitor D-erythro-sphinganine and the antitumor agent (+)-spisulosine, while the Overman rearrangement of chiral allylic trichloroacetimidates generated by asymmetric reduction of an alpha,beta-unsaturated methyl ketone allowed rapid access to both D-ribo-phytosphingosine and L-arabino-phytosphingosine

Executive functions in preschool children with aggressive behavior: impairments in inhibitory control

The question whether executive function (EF) deficits in children are associated with conduct problems remains controversial. Although the origins of aggressive behavior are to be found in early childhood, findings from EF studies in preschool children with aggressive behavior are inconsistent. The current study aimed to investigate whether preschool children with aggressive behavior show impairments in EF. From a population-based sample, 82 preschool children who were showing aggressive behavior as indicated by scores at or above the 93rd percentile on the Aggressive Behavior Scale of the CBCL 1 1/2-5 were selected. These children with aggressive behavior were matched on IQ to a group of typically developing control children (N=99). Six neuropsychological tasks were administered to assess set shifting, inhibition, working memory and verbal fluency. A factor analysis was conducted which yielded one clear factor: inhibition. Aggressive preschool children showed poorer performance on this inhibition factor than control children and boys performed worse on this factor than girls. This association between aggressive behavior and inhibition deficits was maintained after controlling for attention problems. In addition, gender differences in all EFs measured were found with boys exhibiting more impairment in EF than girls. These findings demonstrate that preschool children with aggressive behavior show impairments in inhibition, irrespective of attention problems