Aktivitas Enzim Pendegradasi Kitin dari Isolat SDI23 Asal Petis serta Karakterisasi pH dan Suhu Aktivitas Enzim Hasil Purifikasi Parsial

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas enzim pendegradasi kitin yang dihasilkan selama pertumbuhan dari lima isolat bakteri kitinolitik (SDI23, MDR23, SDI15, SDI13 dan BLT12) asal petis udang serta mengetahui karakteristik aktivitas enzim hasil pemurnian parsial pada berbagai suhu (30-55°C) dan pH (4-9). Kelima isolat ditumbuhkan pada medium koloidal kitin cair dengan suhu inkubasi 37°C selama 96 jam. Pengamatan terhadap jumlah bakteri (log CFU/ml) dan aktivitas spesifik enzim (U/mg) dilakukan setiap 12 jam. Aktivitas enzim pendegradasi kitin diukur secara kuantitatif, dengan mengukur jumlah N-asetilglukosamin yang dihasilkan dari hidrolisis koloidal kitin oleh enzim. Purifikasi parsial dilakukan dengan presipitasi ammonium sulfat bertingkat (20-80%) yang dilanjutkan dengan dialisis. Isolat SDI23, MDR23, SDI15 dan BLT12 menunjukkan waktu pertumbuhan optimum dengan jumlah sel tertinggi pada jam ke-48, sedangkan isolat SDI13 pada jam ke-24. Aktivitas spesifik enzim tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh isolat SDI23 sebesar 0,66 U/mg pada inkubasi selama 48 jam. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, isolat SDI23 dipilih untuk memproduksi enzim pada tahap purifikasi parsial. Supernatan bebas sel dari media kultur isolat SDI23 disiapkan dari inkubasi SDI23 dalam medium koloidal kitin cair pada suhu 37oC selama 48 jam. Presipitasi dengan amonium sulfat pada fraksi 80% dan dialisis menghasilkan ekstrak kitinase kasar dengan nilai aktivitas spesifik enzim sebesar 0,072 U/mg dan 0,063 U/mg. Enzim hasil pemurnian parsial menunjukkan aktivitas optimum pada pH 6 dan suhu 45°C dengan nilai aktivitas spesifik enzim sebesar 0,09 U/mg

Acceptability of evidence-based neonatal care practices in rural Uganda – implications for programming

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although evidence-based interventions to reach the Millennium Development Goals for Maternal and Neonatal mortality reduction exist, they have not yet been operationalised and scaled up in Sub-Saharan African cultural and health systems. A key concern is whether these internationally recommended practices are acceptable and will be demanded by the target community. We explored the acceptability of these interventions in two rural districts of Uganda.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We conducted 10 focus group discussions consisting of mothers, fathers, grand parents and child minders (older children who take care of other children). We also did 10 key informant interviews with health workers and traditional birth attendants.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Most maternal and newborn recommended practices are acceptable to both the community and to health service providers. However, health system and community barriers were prevalent and will need to be overcome for better neonatal outcomes. Pregnant women did not comprehend the importance of attending antenatal care early or more than once unless they felt ill. Women prefer to deliver in health facilities but most do not do so because they cannot afford the cost of drugs and supplies which are demanded in a situation of poverty and limited male support. Postnatal care is non-existent. For the newborn, delayed bathing and putting nothing on the umbilical cord were neither acceptable to parents nor to health providers, requiring negotiation of alternative practices.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The recommended maternal-newborn practices are generally acceptable to the community and health service providers, but often are not practiced due to health systems and community barriers. Communities associate the need for antenatal care attendance with feeling ill, and postnatal care is non-existent in this region. Health promotion programs to improve newborn care must prioritize postnatal care, and take into account the local socio-cultural situation and health systems barriers including the financial burden. Male involvement and promotion of waiting shelters at selected health units should be considered in order to increase access to supervised deliveries. Scale-up of the evidence based practices for maternal-neonatal health in Sub-Saharan Africa should follow rapid appraisal and adaptation of intervention packages to address the local health system and socio-cultural situation.</p

Remanded Decision in Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, & SAGE Publications vs. Georgia State University et al.

Defendants\u27 Motion to Strike Portions of Plaintiffs\u27 Remand Brief and to Disregard Declaration [Doc. 502] is GRANTED. This case is currently before the Court for fair use analysis with respect to 48 infringement claims. Plaintiffs are entitled to prevail on the claims involving 7 works in Georgia State classes. With respect to the other infringement claims, Defendants are entitled to prevail. Defendants are the prevailing side and are entitled to an award of costs and attorneys\u27 fees

Isolation, initial characterization and serological studies of glycolipid antigens from Babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes

Serological analysis of Babesia bovis-derived glycolipids by ELISA and the indirect fluorescent antibody technique demonstrated the existence of their antigenic and immunogenic activities not only in B. bovis but also in B. bigemina infections. This indicates that serological cross-reactivity of B. bovis and B. bigemina relates to glycolipids. The negative ELISA reaction obtained with Anaplasma marginale antisera suggested the specificity of the reaction to the genus Babesia. Fractionation of these glycolipids by Florisil Sep-Pak column chromatography with subsequent HPTLC immunostaining and Orcinol staining suggested the presence of carbohydrate antigenic determinants in B. bovis glycolipids

Low doses of natural human interferon alpha inhibit the development of Babesia microti infection in BALB/c mice

Studies were undertaken to determine whether treatments with low doses of natural human interferon alpha (HuIFN-α) administered by various routes could inhibit the development of the intra-erythrocytic protozoan Babesia microti in BALB/c mice. HuIFN-α treatment given intramuscularly significantly inhibited development of the parasitaemia of the parasite compared with infections in control mice

Serological and immunological studies with a hexane extract of Babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes

Orinda G. O., Waltisbuhl D. J., Goodger B. V. and Wright I. G. 1992. Serological and immunological studies with a hexane extract of Babesia bovis- infected erythrocytes. International Journal for Parasitology 22: 677-679. Antigenic and immunogenic activities of a hexane extract from Babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes were investigated. Positive ELISA and IFAT reactions were obtained with bovine antisera to B. bovis and B. bigemina produced by natural infection and rabbit antisera to the hexane extract, respectively. In contrast, negative ELISA reactions were obtained with Anaplasma marginale antisera indicating that the antigen(s) is specific for the genus Babesia. The IFAT clearly demonstrated that the antigen was associated with the parasite and the infected erythrocyte and not present in uninfected erythrocytes. Furthermore, cross-reactions with Babesia bigemina antisera suggested that serological crossreactivity in bovine Babesia species is at least due in part to lipid or lipid-associated antigens