355 research outputs found
Optimizing landbird surveys for detecting population and spatial dynamics
Thesis (Ph.D.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2017Landbird populations are undergoing concurrent changes in population size, spatial distribution, and phenology. The sensitivity of landbird monitoring programs to detect and distinguish these varied processes is of critical importance. Consequently, these efforts require inference methods that are efficient and fully leverage information about spatial, population, and phenological dynamics. The development of efficient inference methods can be addressed in part through a thorough understanding of how the data are actually generated, the application of sampling methods that attempt to maximize encounter probability, and the tailoring of sampling methods to maximize sensitivity to specific inference objectives. Chapter one of this dissertation is concerned with accommodating temporary emigration in spatial distance sampling models. Model-based distance sampling is commonly used to understand spatial variation in the density of wildlife species. The standard approach is to assume that individuals are distributed uniformly in space and model spatial variation in abundance using plot-level effects. Thinned point process models for surveys of unmarked populations (spatial distance sampling) frame the sampling process in terms of the individual encounter in space and, consequently, are expected to offer greater sensitivity for understanding spatial processes. However, existing spatial distance sampling approaches are conditioned on the assumption that all individuals are present and available for sampling. Temporary emigration of individuals can therefore result in biased estimates of abundance. Herein, I extend spatial distance sampling models to accommodate temporary emigration. A simulation study indicated more precise and less biased estimation under the spatial distance sampling model compared to models that assume a uniform distribution of individuals and assess spatial variation in abundance using plot-level effects. An applied example involving two arctic-breeding passerines indicated considerably stronger inference under the spatial distance sampling model than standard distance sampling models. Chapter two is concerned with the capacity of subarctic passerines to adjust their arrival timing to relatively extreme variation in spring conditions. I assessed interannual variation in passerine arrival timing in Denali National Park, Alaska from 1995-2015, a period that included both the warmest and coldest recorded mean spring temperatures for the park. Neotropical-Nearctic migrants varied in terms of the flexibility of their arrival timing, but generally showed plastic phenologies, suggesting resilience under extreme spring conditions. In comparison, Nearctic-Nearctic migrants showed similar or greater plasticity in arrival timing. A majority of species showed synchronous-asynchronous fluctuation in arrival (i.e., synchronous arrival in some years, asynchronous in others) in combination with various levels of the mean response (i.e., early, average, and late arrival), suggesting the presence of interactions between environmental conditions at multiple scales and inter-individual variation. Overall, these findings suggest that monitoring of the mean-variance relationship may lead to a deeper understanding of the factors shaping phenological responses. Chapter three is concerned with developing efficient inference methods for inventorying and monitoring cliff-nesting raptor populations. In nest occupancy studies of cliff-nesting raptors, the standard approach is to allocate a level of survey effort that is assumed to ensure that the occupancy state is known with certainty. However, allocating effort in this manner is inefficient, particularly at landscape scales, constraining our capacity for effective management of these species. To increase survey efficiency and expand the spatial inference of these studies, I developed two versions of a multi-state, time-removal model, one for long-term monitoring studies and another for population inventories or single-season surveys in which there is no prior knowledge of nest locations. For long-term monitoring of species with alternative nests, I formulated a version of the model that accounts for state uncertainty at the territory-level caused by a failure to observe all nests within a territory. Simulation studies indicated generally low to moderate relative bias under the monitoring and inventory models. In addition, I applied the monitoring model to a long-term study of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Alaska and demonstrate that the maximum effort spent on any nesting territory could be reduced by up to almost 90% of that recommended by standard protocols
Jaynes Cummings treatment of superconducting resonators with dielectric loss due to two-level systems
We perform a quantum mechanical analysis of superconducting resonators
subject to dielectric loss arising from charged two-level systems. We present
numerical and analytical descriptions of the dynamics of energy decay from the
resonator within the Jaynes-Cummings model. Our analysis allows us to
distinguish the strong and weak coupling regimes of the model and to describe
within each regime cases where the two-level system is unsaturated or
saturated. We find that the quantum theory agrees with the classical model for
weak coupling. However, for strong coupling the quantum theory predicts lower
loss than the classical theory in the unsaturated regime. Also, in contrast to
the classical theory, the photon number at which saturation occurs in the
strong coupling quantum theory is independent of the coupling between the
resonator and the two-level system.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure
Crossover of phase qubit dynamics in presence of negative-result weak measurement
Coherent dynamics of a superconducting phase qubit is considered in the
presence of both unitary evolution due to microwave driving and continuous
non-unitary collapse due to negative-result measurement. In the case of a
relatively weak driving, the qubit dynamics is dominated by the non-unitary
evolution, and the qubit state tends to an asymptotically stable point on the
Bloch sphere. This dynamics can be clearly distinguished from conventional
decoherence by tracking the state purity and the measurement invariant
(``murity''). When the microwave driving strength exceeds certain critical
value, the dynamics changes to non-decaying oscillations: any initial state
returns exactly to itself periodically in spite of non-unitary dynamics. The
predictions can be verified using a modification of a recent experiment.Comment: 5 pages, 4 eps figure
Universal computation by multi-particle quantum walk
A quantum walk is a time-homogeneous quantum-mechanical process on a graph
defined by analogy to classical random walk. The quantum walker is a particle
that moves from a given vertex to adjacent vertices in quantum superposition.
Here we consider a generalization of quantum walk to systems with more than one
walker. A continuous-time multi-particle quantum walk is generated by a
time-independent Hamiltonian with a term corresponding to a single-particle
quantum walk for each particle, along with an interaction term. Multi-particle
quantum walk includes a broad class of interacting many-body systems such as
the Bose-Hubbard model and systems of fermions or distinguishable particles
with nearest-neighbor interactions. We show that multi-particle quantum walk is
capable of universal quantum computation. Since it is also possible to
efficiently simulate a multi-particle quantum walk of the type we consider
using a universal quantum computer, this model exactly captures the power of
quantum computation. In principle our construction could be used as an
architecture for building a scalable quantum computer with no need for
time-dependent control
Controlled Flow of Spin-Entangled Electrons via Adiabatic Quantum Pumping
We propose a method to dynamically generate and control the flow of
spin-entangled electrons, each belonging to a spin-singlet, by means of
adiabatic quantum pumping. The pumping cycle functions by periodic time
variation of localized two-body interactions. We develop a generalized approach
to adiabatic quantum pumping as traditional methods based on scattering matrix
in one dimension cannot be applied here. We specifically compute the flow of
spin-entangled electrons within a Hubbard-like model of quantum dots, and
discuss possible implementations and identify parameters that can be used to
control the singlet flow.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Chemical Properties of Sago Grub (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) Protein Concentrate With Different Initial Drying Method
The sago grub (Rhychophorus ferrugineus) is a kind of edible insect which can be utilized as an substitute source of protein in the form of concentrates. The extraction process of protein concentrate requires a proper drying technique for the starting material. This study was intended to determine the appropriate initial drying method for sago grub to produce protein concentrates with good chemical properties. In this study, cabinet dryer, sun, and oven drying methods were used to extract sago caterpillar protein concentrate with a block randomized design. The variables observed were the moisture, ash, protein, and fat contents of the sago grub protein concentrate. The results demonstrated that cabinet dryers are the most appropriate drying method for producing protein concentrate with the best chemical and functional characteristics. The drying method of the cabinet dryer produces a protein concentrate with a moisture content of 23%, an ash content of 11.26%, a protein content of 55.37%, and a fat content of 7.67%
Decoupling a Cooper-pair box to enhance the lifetime to 0.2 ms
We present a circuit QED experiment in which a separate transmission line is
used to address a quasi-lumped element superconducting microwave resonator
which is in turn coupled to an Al/AlO/Al Cooper-pair box (CPB) charge
qubit. In our measurements we find a strong correlation between the measured
lifetime of the CPB and the coupling between the qubit and the transmission
line. By monitoring perturbations of the resonator's 5.44 GHz resonant
frequency, we have measured the spectrum, lifetime (), Rabi, and Ramsey
oscillations of the CPB at the charge degeneracy point while the CPB was
detuned by up to 2.5 GHz . We find a maximum lifetime of the CPB was s for to 4.5 GHz. Our measured 's are consistent with
loss due to coupling to the transmission line, spurious microwave circuit
resonances, and a background decay rate on the order of
s of unknown origin, implying that the loss tangent in the AlO
junction barrier must be less than about at 4.5 GHz, about 4
orders of magnitude less than reported in larger area Al/AlO/Al tunnel
junctions
Exchange Interaction Between Three and Four Coupled Quantum Dots: Theory and Applications to Quantum Computing
Several prominent proposals have suggested that spins of localized electrons
could serve as quantum computer qubits. The exchange interaction has been
invoked as a means of implementing two qubit gates. In this paper, we analyze
the strength and form of the exchange interaction under relevant conditions. We
find that, when several spins are engaged in mutual interactions, the
quantitative strengths or even qualitative forms of the interactions can
change. It is shown that the changes can be dramatic within a Heitler-London
model. Hund-Mulliken calculations are also presented, and support the
qualititative conclusions from the Heitler-London model. The effects need to be
considered in spin-based quantum computer designs, either as a source of gate
error to be overcome or a new interaction to be exploited.Comment: 16 pages, 16 figures. v3: Added Hund-Mulliken calculations in 3-dots
case. A few small corrections. This version submitted to PR
Few-body spin couplings and their implications for universal quantum computation
Electron spins in semiconductor quantum dots are promising candidates for the
experimental realization of solid-state qubits. We analyze the dynamics of a
system of three qubits arranged in a linear geometry and a system of four
qubits arranged in a square geometry. Calculations are performed for several
quantum dot confining potentials. In the three-qubit case, three-body effects
are identified that have an important quantitative influence upon quantum
computation. In the four-qubit case, the full Hamiltonian is found to include
both three-body and four-body interactions that significantly influence the
dynamics in physically relevant parameter regimes. We consider the implications
of these results for the encoded universality paradigm applied to the
four-electron qubit code; in particular, we consider what is required to
circumvent the four-body effects in an encoded system (four spins per encoded
qubit) by the appropriate tuning of experimental parameters.Comment: 1st version: 33 pages, 25 figures. Described at APS March Meeting in
2004 (P36.010) and 2005 (B17.00009). Most figures made uglier here to reduce
file size. 2nd version: 19 pages, 9 figures. Much mathematical detail chopped
away after hearing from journal referee; a few typos correcte
Decoherence induced deformation of the ground state in adiabatic quantum computation
Despite more than a decade of research on adiabatic quantum computation
(AQC), its decoherence properties are still poorly understood. Many theoretical
works have suggested that AQC is more robust against decoherence, but a
quantitative relation between its performance and the qubits' coherence
properties, such as decoherence time, is still lacking. While the thermal
excitations are known to be important sources of errors, they are predominantly
dependent on temperature but rather insensitive to the qubits' coherence. Less
understood is the role of virtual excitations, which can also reduce the ground
state probability even at zero temperature. Here, we introduce normalized
ground state fidelity as a measure of the decoherence-induced deformation of
the ground state due to virtual transitions. We calculate the normalized
fidelity perturbatively at finite temperatures and discuss its relation to the
qubits' relaxation and dephasing times, as well as its projected scaling
properties.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure
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