Opportunity Costs of Having a Child, Financial Constraints and Fertility.

Economic theory often assumes that the opportunity costs of having a child and financial constraints have a simultaneous but opposite influence on fertility. This empirical paper aims to test the concomitance of these effects using the answers to an original survey carried out in 2003 amongst nearly 1,000 French employees, giving information about the impact of their working schedule on the number of children they intend to have. The statistical analysis, based on a "ceteris paribus" approach using Log it estimates, strongly confirms the simultaneous presence of these two explanatory dimensions.Family Size ; Fertility ; Work-Life Balance

Impact of mobile phone intervention on intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy in Burkina Faso : A pragmatic randomized trial.

PURPOSE: Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for pregnant women (IPTp-SP) coverage remains far below the desirable goal of at least three doses before delivery. This study evaluates an innovative intervention using mobile phones as a means of increasing coverage for the third dose of IPTp-SP. METHODS: This study in Burkina Faso was designed as an open-label, pragmatic, two-arm, randomised trial. Pregnant women who attended antenatal clinic (ANC) visits were included at their first ANC visit and followed until delivery. The intervention was built around the use of mobile phones as means ensuring direct tracking of pregnant women. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-eight (248) pregnant women were included in the study. The proportion of women who received at least three doses of IPTp-SP was 54.6 %. In the intervention group, 54.1 % of women received at least three doses of IPTp-SP versus 55.1 % in the control group, a non-significant difference (adjusted odds ratio "aOR", 0.86 ; 95 % confidence interval "95 % CI", 0.49-1.51). Women in the intervention group were more likely to carry out their ANC visits in a timely manner than those in the control group (aOR, 3.21 ; 95 % CI, 1.91-5.39). CONCLUSION: While mobile phone intervention did not increase the proportion of women receiving three doses of IPTp-SP, it did help to increase the proportion of timely ANC visits. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PACTR202106905150440

Productive restructuring and the reallocation of work and employment: a survey of the “new” forms of social inequality

O propósito do presente artigo consiste em questionar a inevitabilidade dos processos de segmentação e precarização das relações de trabalho e emprego, responsáveis pela inscrição de “novas” formas de desigualdade social que alicerçam o actual modelo de desenvolvimento das economias e sociedades. Visa-se criticar os limites da lógica econômica e financeira, de contornos globais, que configuram um “novo espírito do capitalismo”, ou seja, uma espécie de divinização da ordem natural das coisas. Impõe-se fazer, por isso, um périplo analítico pelas transformações em curso no mercado de trabalho, acompanhado pela vigilância epistemológica que permita enquadrar e relativizar as (di)visões neoliberais e teses tecnodeterministas dominantes. A perspectivação de cenários sobre o futuro do trabalho encerrará este périplo, permitindo-nos alertar para os condicionalismos histórico-temporais, para a urgência de se desocultar o que de ideológico e político existe nas actuais lógicas de racionalização e para os processos de ressimbolização do trabalho e emprego enquanto “experiência social central” na contemporaneidade.The scope of this paper is to question the inevitability of the processes of segmentation and increased precariousness of the relations of labor and employment, which are responsible for the introduction of “new” forms of social inequality that underpin the current model of development of economies and societies. It seeks to criticize the limits of global financial and economic logic, which constitute a “new spirit of capitalism,” namely a kind of reverence for the natural order of things. It is therefore necessary to conduct an analytical survey of the ongoing changes in the labor market, accompanied by epistemological vigilance which makes it possible to see neoliberal (di)visions and dominant technodeterministic theses in context. The enunciation of scenarios on the future of work will conclude this survey and will make it possible to draw attention to both the historical and temporal constraints and to the urgent need to unveil what is ideological and political in the prevailing logic of rationalization and processes to reinstate work and employment as a “central social experience” in contemporary times

Rôles,impacts et services issus des élevages en Europe. Synthèse du rapport d’expertise scientifique collective

L’élevage, secteur majeur pour l’économie de nombreux territoires et structurant beaucoup de paysages ruraux européens, fait l’objet de controverses, depuis au moins une décennie, notamment du fait des dommages environnementaux qu’il engendre. Dans un tel contexte, il est apparu nécessaire d’étayer les débats en faisant le point sur l’état des connaissances scientifiques relatives aux rôles, impacts et services environnementaux, économiques et sociaux issus des élevages européens et leurs produits. Pour ce faire, les ministères français en charge de l’Environnement et de l’Agriculture ainsi que l’Agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergie (Ademe) ont sollicité l’Inra pour réaliser une expertise scientifique collective (ESCo) abordant conjointement les multiples conséquences sur les milieux et le climat, l’emploi et le travail, les marchés et certains enjeux sociaux et culturels, de la production et de la consommation humaine de produits d’origine animale (bovins, ovins, caprins, porcins et avicoles). L’analyse de ces diverses dimensions s’appuie sur les démarches d’évaluation rapportées dans la littérature scientifique internationale. Abordées, dans un premier temps, de manière analytique et globale, les connaissances ont ensuite été mobilisées par « bouquet de services » au sein de territoires contrastés. Les relations entre les différents impacts ou services permettent d’identifier des compromis et des leviers d’action envisageables pour les systèmes d’élevage. Livestock production is a sector of major economic importance that defines many European rural areas. It has become the focus of controversy over the past decade or more, particularly with regard to the environmental impacts it causes. In this context, it seemed useful to support this debate with a critical review of the state of scientific knowledge on the role, impacts, and services – environmental, economic, and social – associated with European livestock production. Accordingly, the French ministries responsible for Agriculture and the Environment, in cooperation with the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), requested INRA to undertake a collective scientific assessment addressing the many consequences – for the environment and the climate, for employment and labor, for markets, and for a variety of social and cultural issues – related to the production and human consumption of animal products (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry). Analysis of these diverse dimensions was based on assessment methods utilized and described in the international scientific literature. Using a broad, analytical overview as a starting point, the review proceeded by identifying the "service bundles" associated with livestock production in contrasting areas

L’Age de la transition. En route pour la reconversion écologique

Actes du colloque de Cerisy Quelles transitions écologiques ?La notion de "transition écologique" supplante progressivement celle de "développement durable", jugée trop vague et consensuelle par ses détracteurs. Mais que désigne exactement cette expression, et s'avère-t-elle plus précise que la précédente ? Pour l'instant, elle nous en dit peu sur la façon dont cette transition pourrait se dérouler et sur le type de société vers laquelle elle pourrait déboucher.A Dominique Bourg, Alain Kaufman et Dominique Méda de s'interroger : " Vers quoi nos sociétés pourraient-elles transiter ? " Pour répondre à cette question urgente, les auteurs ont réuni les plus grands spécialistes de la transition écologique, qu'ils soient physicien, économiste, philosophe, ingénieur, biologiste ou sociologue. Après avoir identifié les obstacles à la transition, ils en tracent les chemins ensemble.Des technologies à privilégier aux postures philosophiques et juridiques à embrasser en passant par le financement de la transition écologique ou la refonte de notre modèle social, tous les aspects sont envisagés pour imaginer et façonner la transition écologique

Potentially inappropriate medication among community-dwelling older adults : A public health issue in Burkina Faso

PIM is defined as a lack of demonstrated indication, high risk of side effects, and a sub-optimal cost effectiveness and/or cost benefit. Little data on potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) in older adults with comorbidity are available in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and the factors associated with the use of PIM in community-dwelling older adults in Burkina Faso. In 2012, we did a cross-sectional household survey which included 389 older adults in Bobo-Dioulasso. Updated 2012 Beers criteria were used to assess the PIM in older adults aged ≥ 60 years. Medications from formal medical source (prescribing) and informal source (informal market, over-the counter and traditional medicines) were included. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine factors associated with the use of PIM. Proportion of older adults used at least one PIM was 59% (196/332). The most common PIM were traditional medicines 28.97% (62/214), diclofenac 21.03% (45/214) 17.5% (45/214), ibuprofen 7.76% (38/214), aspirin 7.01% (15/214), nifedipine 5.61% (12/214) and reserpine 5.61% (12/214). Polypharmacy (≥ 3 drugs), is the independent factor associated with PIM. Our findings highlight the need to think about integrated health care system in order to reduce the PIM among older adults with multiple comorbidities..Keywords: potentially inappropriate medication, older adults, comorbidit

Les manifestations oculaires au cours de la pré-éclampsie sévère ou l’éclampsie au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sourô Sanou de Bobo Dioulasso

La pré-éclampsie sévère est un problème de santé publique. L'atteinte oculaire est une de ses nombreuses complications. Le but de notre travail était de décrire les atteintes oculaires chez les patientes présentant une pré-éclampsie et/ou éclampsie afin de contribuer à leur meilleure prise en charge. Il s'est agi d'une étude transversale descriptive à collecte prospective allant du 1er novembre 2013 au 31 juillet 2014, chez les patientes ayant souffert de pré-éclampsie sévère/éclampsie. Nous avons inclus 127 patientes dans notre étude. La moyenne d'âge des patientes de notre étude était de 26,37 ans (ET= 6,8 ans), avec des extrêmes de 15 et 40 ans. Les tranches d'âge les plus représentées étaient celles de 26 à 30 ans avec 29,1% des cas et celle des 15 à 20 ans avec 25,2%. Le diagnostic de pré-éclampsie sévère a été retenu dans 69,3% des cas. Les primigestes représentaient 40,9% de la population. Les troubles visuels à type de phosphènes ont été observés chez 33,1% des patientes. Nous avons noté un courant granulaire conjonctival dans 41,7%, des lésions du segment postérieur chez 32,3% des patientes. Ces résultats ont été discutés par rapport à la littérature, et nous notons plus de cas d'atteinte rétinienne. Nous n'avons pas trouvé de lien statistiquement significatif entre la tension artérielle à l'admission et le stade de la rétinopathie hypertensive. Les complications oculaires de la pré-éclampsie sévère sont très fréquentes et souvent ignorées. Les atteintes rétiniennes sont fréquentes mais de bon pronostic

Les bouquets de services, un concept clé pour raisonner l'avenir des territoires d'élevage

International audienceLivestock is a major actor of rural landscape and economics across Europe. It has however focused various controversies as regards to its environmental impacts, and the consequences of industrial production systems on animal welfare. Bundles of services account for both livestock positive and negative effects that simultaneously occur within territories. Mapping ecosystem services at a large scale (from landscape to the European Union) reveals a frequent antagonism between provisioning services on the one hand, and regulating and cultural services on the other hand. These maps mostly account for the impacts and services provided by the main farming systems in each area. Analyzing trade-offs at a finer scale (from plot to landscape) reveals various opportunities to achieve 'win-win' situations that would preserve the environment while maintaining provisioning services. These are based on non-linear relationships between ecosystem services, grazing periods, spatial heterogeneity, system diversification, and organizational innovations between farming systems of a given area. Scenario exploration allows representing alternative dynamics for the European livestock sector in response to climate change, land use change resulting from shifts in livestock feeding, and/or a drop in animal protein consumption across Europe. We conclude by pointing out key research issues that would allow valuing the diversity of services provided by the livestock sector.Les interrelations entre les impacts et les services rendus par l’élevage impliquent de ne pas considérer ces effets indépendamment les uns des autres. Dans cet article, nous analysons les approches qui permettent de décrire et d’analyser les bouquets de services fournis par l’élevage dans différents types de territoires. Nous proposons des pistes de recherche à approfondir afin de mieux valoriser ces différents services