Biodegradation pathways of paper mill waste: Microbial strategies and environmental implications

The pulp and paper industry generates huge amounts of solid and semi-solid waste, primarily in the form of sludge and fibrous residues, posing significant environmental and disposal challenges. This review provides a detailed overview of paper mill waste, emphasizing its physicochemical characteristics and the central role of microbial communities in degradation. Microorganisms, through diverse metabolic and enzymatic pathways, drive the breakdown of lignocellulosic materials such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Both abiotic and microbial degradation mechanisms are examined, with attention to key environmental factors- including temperature, pH, moisture and substrate composition- that influence the efficiency of biodegradation. The review also explores the advantages and limitations of microbial methods, highlighting the generation of valuable byproducts with potential environmental and commercial benefits. Further, it addresses the ecological and human health risks associated with improper paper waste disposal. This review concludes by evaluating current waste management and recycling approaches, while emphasizing strategies to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of paper waste biodegradation. Rooted in circular economy principles, it highlights the emerging role of microbial biotechnology in transforming paper mill waste into a resource of environmental and economic value and outlines key directions for future research

An environmentally benign lemon juice mediated synthesis of novel furan conjugated pyrazole derivatives and their biological evaluation

A series of furan conjugated pyrazole derivatives were synthesized by an accessible and eco-friendly approach. The method involves the reaction of chalcones and phenylhydrazine hydrochlorides in the presence tetrabutylammonium bromide as phase transfer catalyst (PTC) in freshly extracted lemon juice medium. The reaction afforded a series of triaryl and diaryl substituted pyrazoles in moderate to good yields. Structures of synthesized new pyrazoles were Confirmed by spectral studies and elemental analysis. Preliminary studies showed that, among the synthesized series, compounds 5i and 5j with chloro substitution in one of the aromatic rings and compound 7c exhibited excellent activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli species. Compounds 5i and 5j also showed excellent antifungal activity against A. niger, A. flavus, and C. albicans species. Compounds, 5c, 5d, 5i, 5j and 7c exhibited excellent DPPH radical scavenging activity

Evaluation and studies on the structural impact of substituted 4, 5-Dihydroisoxazoles on their biological activities

In present study, a series of isoxazole derivatives synthesized were evaluated for antimicrobial activities by disc diffusion method. Some compounds of the series exhibited promising antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to standard drugs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC’s) was determined against each organism. The compounds were tested for their in-vitro antioxidant activity and reducing power ability. Free radicals play an important role in various pathological and xenotoxic effects so antioxidant may have protective role in these pathological conditions. Based on the results of an antimicrobial, anti-oxidant study, the effect of substitution on the activity and possible structure activity relationship of the compounds for their antioxidant activity is presented

Synthetic strategies and significance of pyrroline analogs

The isomeric forms of pyrrolines; 1-pyrroline, 2-pyrroline and 3-pyrroline and their derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic compounds. They exhibit wide range of biological applications, particularly in their versatile enzymatic activity. This brief review article presents up to date information about the strategies adopted for the synthesis of pyrrolines and their derivatives. Also describes the biological activities associated with them, more emphasis was given on their enzymatic activity and impact of these molecules on diseases in plants and animals

Design, synthesis of novel furan appended benzothiazepine derivatives and in vitro biological evaluation as potent VRV-PL-8a and H+/K+ ATPase inhibitors

A series of new of furan derivatised 1,4 benzothiazepine analogues were synthesized starting from 1-(furan-2-yl)ethanone. 1-(Furan-2-yl)ethanone was converted into chalcones by its reaction with various aromatic aldehydes, then were reacted with 2-aminobenzenethiol in acidic conditions to obtain the title compounds in good yields. The synthesized new compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass spectral studies and elemental analyses. All the new compounds were evaluated for their in vitro VRV-PL-8a and H+/K+ ATPase inhibitor properties. Preliminary studies revealed that, some molecules amongst the designed series showed promising VRV-PL-8a and H+/K+ ATPase inhibitor properties. Further, rigid body docking studies were performed to understand possible docking sites of the molecules on the target proteins and the mode of binding. This finding presents a promising series of lead molecules that can serve as prototypes for the treatment of inflammatory related disorder that can mitigate the ulcer inducing side effect shown by other NSAIDs