3,322 research outputs found
International patent protection: Time for a fully EU functioning supra-national patent mechanism
Larger industrial companies have become increasingly global in their functions
and aspirations. With regard to patents, it is increasingly common for a multinational company to
face alleged infringing acts committed by the same competitor in several countries. Securing
international patent protection both at the acquisition and the enforcement stage is the corollary
to the cross border exploitation of patents. The regulation of transnational trade and the
international exploitation of patent rights have brought about international agreements concerning
these closely related issues, such as international patent granting power, international
harmonization of patent laws and uniform systems of jurisdiction and choice of law rules
applicable to patent enforcement as well as other areas. However, there is an increasingly strained
relationship between international patent acquisition and enforcement1 which is the dominant
focus of this paper. Whilst a network of international agreements facilitates the grant of
increasingly similar patent rights in many countries, cross border patent enforcement through the
application of the relevant private international rules has been very weak. From a private
international law perspective, the legal independence and territorial limitations of patent rights
has severe implications for the application of the relevant jurisdictional and choice of law rules.
Therefore, cross-border adjudication has indeed been challenged in the patent area. This paper
seeks to focus on the problems associated with acquiring and enforcing patent rights at a multijurisdictional
level, particularly within the EU
Electronic circuit provides accurate sensing and control of dc voltage
Electronic circuit used relay coil to sense and control dc voltage. The control relay is driven by a switching transistor that is biased to cutoff for all input up to slightly less than the threshold level
Neighbouring residue effects on the ^(15)N chemical shifts of some aliphatic dipeptides
The ^(15)N chemical shifts of a number of simple aliphatic dipeptides have been determined in a aqueous solution and while the amine nitrogen shift is independent of the nature of the neighbouring residue, the peptide nitrogen shift shows a marked dependence upon the nature of the adjacent amino-acid
Narrow Line Cooling and Momentum-Space Crystals
Narrow line laser cooling is advancing the frontier for experiments ranging
from studies of fundamental atomic physics to high precision optical frequency
standards. In this paper, we present an extensive description of the systems
and techniques necessary to realize 689 nm 1S0 - 3P1 narrow line cooling of
atomic 88Sr. Narrow line cooling and trapping dynamics are also studied in
detail. By controlling the relative size of the power broadened transition
linewidth and the single-photon recoil frequency shift, we show that it is
possible to continuously bridge the gap between semiclassical and quantum
mechanical cooling. Novel semiclassical cooling process, some of which are
intimately linked to gravity, are also explored. Moreover, for laser
frequencies tuned above the atomic resonance, we demonstrate momentum-space
crystals containing up to 26 well defined lattice points. Gravitationally
assisted cooling is also achieved with blue-detuned light. Theoretically, we
find the blue detuned dynamics are universal to Doppler limited systems. This
paper offers the most comprehensive study of narrow line laser cooling to date.Comment: 14 pages, 19 figure
Narrow Line Cooling: Finite Photon Recoil Dynamics
We present an extensive study of the unique thermal and mechanical dynamics
for narrow-line cooling on the 1S0 - 3P1 88Sr transition. For negative
detuning, trap dynamics reveal a transition from the semiclassical regime to
the photon-recoil-dominated quantum regime, yielding an absolute minima in the
equilibrium temperature below the single-photon recoil limit. For positive
detuning, the cloud divides into discrete momentum packets whose alignment
mimics lattice points on a face-centered-cubic crystal. This novel behavior
arises from velocity selection and "positive feedback" acceleration due to a
finite number of photon recoils. Cooling is achieved with blue-detuned light
around a velocity where gravity balances the radiative force.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, Phys. Rev. Lett., in pres
Precision spectroscopy and density-dependent frequency shifts in ultracold Sr
By varying the density of an ultracold Sr sample from cm
to cm, we make the first definitive measurement of the
density-related frequency shift and linewidth broadening of the -
optical clock transition in an alkaline earth system. In addition, we
report the most accurate measurement to date of the Sr
optical clock transition frequency. Including a detailed analysis of systematic
errors, the frequency is () Hz.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. submitte
National Vascular Registry: 2015 Annual Report.
The National Vascular Registry is commissioned by the Healthcare Quality Improvement
Partnership (HQIP) to measure the quality and outcomes of care for patients who undergo
major vascular surgery in NHS hospitals in England and Wales. It aims to provide
comparative information on the performance of NHS vascular units and thereby support
local quality improvement as well as inform patients about major vascular interventions
delivered in the NHS. As such, all NHS hospitals in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern
Ireland are encouraged to participate in the Registry.
The measures used to describe the patterns and outcomes of care are drawn from various
national guidelines including: the “Provision of Services for Patients with Vascular Disease”
document and the Quality Improvement Frameworks published by the Vascular Society, and
the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines on stroke and
peripheral arterial disease.
This report provides a description of the care provided by NHS vascular units, and contains
information on the process and outcomes of care for: (i) patients undergoing abdominal
aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair, (ii) patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy, (iii) patients
undergoing a revascularisation procedure (angioplasty/stent or bypass) or major
amputation for lower-limb peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In addition, the report
presents the findings of an organisational audit conducted in August 2015
National Vascular Registry: 2014 Progress Report.
The National Vascular Registry is commissioned by the Healthcare Quality Improvement
Partnership (HQIP) to measure the quality and outcomes of care for patients who undergo
major vascular surgery in NHS hospitals in England and Wales. It aims to provide
comparative information on the performance of NHS hospitals and thereby support local
quality improvement as well as inform patients about the care delivered in the NHS. As
such, all NHS hospitals in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are encouraged to
participate in the Registry.
The measures used to describe the patterns and outcomes of care are drawn from various
national guidelines including: the “2014 The Provision of Services for Patients with Vascular
Disease” and the Quality Improvement Frameworks published by the Vascular Society, and
the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines on stroke and
peripheral arterial disease.
In 2014, the Registry published NHS trust and surgeon-level information for elective infrarenal
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) repair and carotid endarterectomy on the Registry
website. From 28 October, information on both procedures has been available on the
www.vsqip.org.uk website for all UK NHS trusts that currently perform them. For English
NHS trusts, the same information was published for individual consultants, as part of NHS
England’s “Everyone Counts: Planning for Patients 2013/4” initiative. Consultant-level
information was also published for NHS hospitals in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
for consenting surgeons.
This progress report aims to complement that information by (1) providing an overview of
care delivered by the NHS at a national level, and (2) describing various developments
within the National Vascular Registry. The Registry will publish its next annual report on
major vascular surgery in November 2015
Measurement of Linear Stark Interference in 199Hg
We present measurements of Stark interference in the 6
6 transition in Hg, a process whereby a static electric field
mixes magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole couplings into an electric
dipole transition, leading to -linear energy shifts similar to those
produced by a permanent atomic electric dipole moment (EDM). The measured
interference amplitude, = = (5.8 1.5) (kV/cm), agrees with relativistic, many-body predictions and
confirms that earlier central-field estimates are a factor of 10 too large.
More importantly, this study validates the capability of the Hg EDM
search apparatus to resolve non-trivial, controlled, and sub-nHz Larmor
frequency shifts with EDM-like characteristics.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; revised in response to reviewer comment
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