A Novel Beamformed Control Channel Design for LTE with Full Dimension-MIMO

The Full Dimension-MIMO (FD-MIMO) technology is capable of achieving huge improvements in network throughput with simultaneous connectivity of a large number of mobile wireless devices, unmanned aerial vehicles, and the Internet of Things (IoT). In FD-MIMO, with a large number of antennae at the base station and the ability to perform beamforming, the capacity of the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) has increased a lot. However, the current specifications of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) does not allow the base station to perform beamforming techniques for the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), and hence, PDCCH has neither the capacity nor the coverage of PDSCH. Therefore, PDCCH capacity will still limit the performance of a network as it dictates the number of users that can be scheduled at a given time instant. In Release 11, 3GPP introduced enhanced PDCCH (EPDCCH) to increase the PDCCH capacity at the cost of sacrificing the PDSCH resources. The problem of enhancing the PDCCH capacity within the available control channel resources has not been addressed yet in the literature. Hence, in this paper, we propose a novel beamformed PDCCH (BF-PDCCH) design which is aligned to the 3GPP specifications and requires simple software changes at the base station. We rely on the sounding reference signals transmitted in the uplink to decide the best beam for a user and ingeniously schedule the users in PDCCH. We perform system level simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed design and show that the proposed BF-PDCCH achieves larger network throughput when compared with the current state of art algorithms, PDCCH and EPDCCH schemes

Phytosociological studies of grasslands in the vicinity of pataratu thermal power, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand

The study was conducted to assess the phytosociological studies of grasslands of Pataratu, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand. The total number of grassland species was recorded to be 17, 12 and 8 on control and 40, 27 and 19 on polluted grasslands in rainy, winter and summer seasons, respectively. Thero-hemicryptophytic life-forms was comparatively higher on both grasslands. Therophyte was higher on both grasslands than other life-forms classes.  The importance value index of Heteropogon contortus was recorded to be maximum as compared to other grasslands species present on both types of grasslands in rainy, winter and summer seasons

BEP Performance Analysis of Multi-Node Self Encoded Spread Spectrum - Cooperative Diversity in Rayleigh Fading Channel

Self - encoded spread spectrum (SESS) is a novel modulation technique th at acquires its spreading sequence from the random input data stream rather than through the use of the traditional pseudo - noise code generator. It has been incorporated with multi node cooperative diversity systems as a means to combat fading in wireless channels. In this paper we analyze the cooperative SESS for Amplify and Forward CD links ( M SESS - AFCD) and SESS for Decode and forward CD links ( M SESS - DFCD) in Rayleigh fading channels. The BE P expressions are derived in closed form, and the veracity of the analysis is confirmed by numerical calculations that demonstrate excellent agreement with simulation results

Detection of Brain Tumor by Clustering Technique

It is considered that manual diagnosis of tumor detection is both expensive and time consuming and also includes a lot of human errors. Hence Requirements for robust and efficient tumor detection methodologies are necessitated. Therefore, In this paper, the development of a robust tumor detection technique by also performing denoising along with binarization and thresholding method is performed. The work was carried out by considering Noise such as Gaussian and averaging filtering method is used for denoising process. Experiment result shows the area of tumor was successfully identified and segmented for which an improved performance considering the image quality assessment such as PSNR and SNR was observed

Evaluation of Change Factors for Web Service Change Management

AbstractService oriented architecture (SOA) is a smart designing principle which has been evolved for integrating business tasks. Business activities that have to be designed based on SOA are implemented via web services. Using web services (WS) one can exchange data between different applications and different platforms. Service providers register their services in the service registry and consumer obtains the required services from the same. The main concern in this routine which directly sways business growth rate is change management. Change management is an emerging issue in web service computing where clients might want to change the obtained services at some period of time. But in order to do it they should be requesting the provider programmers each and every time and separate payment has to be done for that task. In order to reduce this complexity we propose a new model for implementing change requests by business analysts themselves. Here we propose a new dynamic schema driven business logic model using Finite State Machine (FSM) to accomplish WS change management in a best manner so that business growth rate can be increased. This model is distinctively done for business analysts to perform changes in the services on their own instead of depending on the programmers. Furthermore a predictive model is contrived using cellular automata for supporting business analysts. The predictive model includes the change factors like order of execution; similarity measure, schema validation, and mapping function and time/space complexity which appears when a particular change request is executed

Analysing the Effect of Substrate Properties on Building Envelope Thermal Performance in Various Climates

Existing regulations on the thermal efficiency of building envelope assemblies are based on the steady state thermal properties of substrate materials. Heat transfer mechanisms of passive heat curbing methods such as phase change materials and cool materials, which are dynamic in nature, are currently not being accounted for. The effectiveness of thermo-physical and solar radiation properties of building materials (i.e., solid homogeneous layers without air gap) in reducing the heat gain into a building in a hot climate could be well understood with the equivalent thermal resistance (Req) concept. A simple and easy-to-use mathematical derivation (i.e., to estimate the instantaneous heat flux across an envelope assembly) is proposed in this paper to understand the mechanism of equivalent R-value (i.e., reciprocal of thermal transmittance, U-value) due to solar radiation properties of passive substrate materials. The model is validated against field experiments carried out at two apartment units of a residential building. The Req due to high outer surface solar radiation properties (i.e., by applying a cool coating) is dynamic as it varies with the weather conditions. The effect of a substrate material’s solar radiation and thermo-physical properties on the overall roof thermal performance is investigated using the Req model for four cooling dominated climates around the globe, having different diurnal conditions and sky temperatures. Increasing the outer surface’s solar reflectance (from 10 to 80) reduces net heat gain through the flat roof during both daytime and nighttime. In contrast, adding only thermal resistance (from 5 mm to 75 mm thick polyurethane) or volumetric heat capacity (by adding 5 mm thick phase change material) to the building envelope brings down heat gain during the day, but not in the night. Thermal insulation is found to be the second effective property, followed by thermal mass irrespective of different diurnal conditions and sky temperatures across the climates

Design of Super Twisting Integral Sliding Mode Control for Industrial Robot Manipulator

In the present work, integral sliding mode based continuous control algorithm is extended to multi input multi output system. The typical integral sliding mode control (ISMC) contains nominal control with discontinuous feedback control due to which overall control becomes discontinuous in nature. The proposed controller is a fusion of two continuous terms and one of which is able to handle, estimate and reject the disturbance successfully. A proposed robust ISMC technique is applied for industrial robot manipulators which utilizes interactive manipulation activity. Here, robust position tracking control obtained via ISMC principle for two link IRM scheme influenced by parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. The proposed ISMC design replaces the discontinuous part by continuous control, which super twisting control is able to handle the disturbance rejection completely. The effectiveness of the proposed control technique is tested under uncertain conditions and comparison study with other controllers has been done. The simulation result shows that the tracking error is effectively minimized by the proposed technique in presence of uncertain conditions

Voice performance analysis using voice codec by packet fragmentation and contention free periods in wireless networks

The admission control is required to maintain the established route between the source and the destination in the wireless network. To maintain the stability of the route, the wireless channel parameters has to be adopted appropriately. Thus, this study analyzes the wireless access medium parameter through direct coordination (DCF) and point-to-point coordination method. The packets are fragmented in DCF and contention free period interval are adjusted to study the QoS parameters for various VOIP codec using OPNET simulation tool. The result shows that packet fragmentation to 256 bytes and contention free period for 20 ms improves QoS for G.729 for Voice traffic

A study on Seed germination of Cassia alata Linn an antiallergenic plant

Cassia alata known as candle bush or Ringworm tree belongs to Cesalpinaceae family, which was found in diverse habitats in the tropics. C. alata leaves containing some chemical substances like chrysophanic acid, is a common ingredient in soaps, shampoos and lotions. The effectiveness of this plant against skin diseases is confirmed by modern scientific studies. The seed germination was gradually decreased by increasing the age of the seeds. Seed propagation is still used as a specialized tool for breeding purposes and for the propagation of pathogen-free plant material