9,785 research outputs found
Earnouts: A Study of Financial Contracting in Acquisition Agreements
We empirically examine earnout contracts, which provide for contingent payments in acquisition agreements. Our analysis reveals considerable heterogeneity in the terms of earnout contracts, i.e. the potential size of the earnout, the performance measure on which the contingent payment is based, the period over which performance is measured, the frequency with which performance is measured, and the form of payment for the earnout. Consistent with the costly contracting hypothesis, we find that the terms of earnout contracts are associated with measures of target valuation uncertainty, target growth opportunities, and the degree of post-acquisition integration between target and acquirer. We conclude that earnouts are structured to minimize the costs of adverse selection and moral hazard in acquisition negotiations.
Fatigue delamination behaviour of unidirectional carbon fibre/epoxy laminates reinforced by Z-Fiber® pinnin
-Pin reinforced carbon-fibre epoxy laminates were tested under Mode I and Mode
II conditions, both quasi-statically and in fatigue. Test procedures were
adapted from existing standard or pre-standard tests. Samples containing 2% and
4% areal densities of carbon-fibre Z-pins (0.28mm diameter) were compared with
unpinned laminates. Quasi-static tests under displacement control yielded a
dramatic increase of the apparent delamination resistance. Specimens with 2% pin
density failed in Mode I at loads 170N, equivalent to an apparent GIC of 2kJ/m2.
Fatigue testing under load control showed that the presence of the through-
thickness reinforcement slowed down fatigue delamination propagation
Improved impact performance of marine sandwich panels using through-thickness reinforcement: Experimental results
This paper presents results from a test developed to simulate the water impact
(slamming) loading of sandwich boat structures. A weighted elastomer ball is
dropped from increasing heights onto rigidly supported panels until damage is
detected. Results from this test indicate that honeycomb core sandwich panels,
the most widely used material for racing yacht hulls, start to damage due to
core crushing at impact energies around 550 J. Sandwich panels of the same areal
weight and with the same carbon/epoxy facings but using a novel foam core
reinforced in the thickness direction with pultruded carbon fibre pins, do not
show signs of damage until above 1200 J impact energy. This suggests that these
will offer significantly improved resistance to wave impact. Quasi-static test
results cannot be used to predict impact resistance here as the crush strength
of the pinned foam is more sensitive to loading rate than that of the honeycomb
core
Fluctuation and dissipation dynamics in fusion reactions from stochastic mean-field approach
By projecting the stochastic mean-field dynamics on a suitable collective
path during the entrance channel of heavy-ion collisions, expressions for
transport coefficients associated with relative distance are extracted. These
transport coefficients, which have similar forms to those familiar from nucleon
exchange model, are evaluated by carrying out TDHF simulations. The
calculations provide an accurate description of the magnitude and form factor
of transport coefficients associated with one-body dissipation and fluctuation
mechanism.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure
Structurally dynamic spin market networks
The agent-based model of stock price dynamics on a directed evolving complex
network is suggested and studied by direct simulation. The stationary regime is
maintained as a result of the balance between the extremal dynamics, adaptivity
of strategic variables and reconnection rules. The inherent structure of node
agent "brain" is modeled by a recursive neural network with local and global
inputs and feedback connections. For specific parametric combination the
complex network displays small-world phenomenon combined with scale-free
behavior. The identification of a local leader (network hub, agent whose
strategies are frequently adapted by its neighbors) is carried out by repeated
random walk process through network. The simulations show empirically relevant
dynamics of price returns and volatility clustering. The additional emerging
aspects of stylized market statistics are Zipfian distributions of fitness.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, accepted in IJMPC, references added, minor
changes in model, new results and modified figure
Algebraic Structures of Quantum Projective Field Theory Related to Fusion and Braiding. Hidden Additive Weight
The interaction of various algebraic structures describing fusion, braiding
and group symmetries in quantum projective field theory is an object of an
investigation in the paper. Structures of projective Zamolodchikov al- gebras,
their represntations, spherical correlation functions, correlation characters
and envelopping QPFT-operator algebras, projective \"W-algebras, shift
algebras, braiding admissible QPFT-operator algebras and projective
G-hypermultiplets are explored. It is proved (in the formalism of shift
algebras) that sl(2,C)-primary fields are characterized by their projective
weights and by the hidden additive weight, a hidden quantum number discovered
in the paper (some discussions on this fact and its possible relation to a
hidden 4-dimensional QFT maybe found in the note by S.Bychkov, S.Plotnikov and
D.Juriev, Uspekhi Matem. Nauk 47(3) (1992)[in Russian]). The special attention
is paid to various constructions of projective G-hyper- multiplets
(QPFT-operator algebras with G-symmetries).Comment: AMS-TEX, amsppt style, 16 pages, accepted for a publication in
J.MATH.PHYS. (Typographical errors are excluded
A Monte Carlo Study of the 6.4 keV Emission at the Galactic Center
Strong fluorescent Fe line emission at 6.4 keV has been observed from the Sgr
B2 giant molecular cloud located in the Galactic Center region. The large
equivalent width of this line and the lack of an apparent illuminating nearby
object indicate that a time-dependent source, currently in a low-activity
state, is causing the fluorescent emission. It has been suggested that this
illuminator is the massive black hole candidate, Sgr A*, whose X-ray luminosity
has declined by an unprecedented six orders of magnitude over the past 300
years. We here report the results of our Monte Carlo simulations for producing
this line under a variety of source configurations and characteristics. These
indicate that the source may in fact be embedded within Sgr B2, although
external sources give a slightly better fit to the data. The weakened
distinction between the internal and external illuminators is due in part to
the instrument response function, which accounts for an enhanced equivalent
width of the line by folding some of the continuum radiation in with the
intrinsic line intensity. We also point out that although the spectrum may be
largely produced by K emission in cold gas, there is some evidence in
the data to suggest the presence of warm (~10^5 K) emitting material near the
cold cloud.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure
Electron density and transport in top-gated graphene nanoribbon devices: First-principles Green function algorithms for systems containing large number of atoms
The recent fabrication of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) field-effect transistors
poses a challenge for first-principles modeling of carbon nanoelectronics due
to many thousand atoms present in the device. The state of the art quantum
transport algorithms, based on the nonequilibrium Green function formalism
combined with the density functional theory (NEGF-DFT), were originally
developed to calculate self-consistent electron density in equilibrium and at
finite bias voltage (as a prerequisite to obtain conductance or current-voltage
characteristics, respectively) for small molecules attached to metallic
electrodes where only a few hundred atoms are typically simulated. Here we
introduce combination of two numerically efficient algorithms which make it
possible to extend the NEGF-DFT framework to device simulations involving large
number of atoms. We illustrate fusion of these two algorithms into the
NEGF-DFT-type code by computing charge transfer, charge redistribution and
conductance in zigzag-GNR/variable-width-armchair-GNR/zigzag-GNR two-terminal
device covered with a gate electrode made of graphene layer as well. The total
number of carbon and edge-passivating hydrogen atoms within the simulated
central region of this device is ~7000. Our self-consistent modeling of the
gate voltage effect suggests that rather large gate voltage might be required
to shift the band gap of the proposed AGNR interconnect and switch the
transport from insulating into the regime of a single open conducting channel.Comment: 19 pages, 8 PDF figures, PDFLaTe
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