Prostate stem cell antigen is an endogenous lynx1-like prototoxin that antagonizes α7-containing nicotinic receptors and prevents programmed cell death of parasympathetic neurons

Vertebrate alpha-bungarotoxin-like molecules of the Ly-6 superfamily have been implicated as balancers of activity and survival in the adult nervous system. To determine whether a member of this family could be involved in the development of the avian ciliary ganglion, we identified 6 Gallus genes by their homology in structure to mouse lynx1 and lynx2. One of these genes, an ortholog of prostate stem cell antigen (psca), is barely detectable at embryonic day (E) 8, before neuronal cell loss in the ciliary ganglion, but increases >100-fold as the number of neurons begins to decline between E9 and E14. PSCA is highly expressed in chicken and mouse telencephalon and peripheral ganglia and correlates with expression of alpha7-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (alpha7-nAChRs). Misexpressing PSCA before cell death in the ciliary ganglion blocks alpha7-nAChR activation by nicotine and rescues the choroid subpopulation from dying. Thus, PSCA, a molecule previously identified as a marker of prostate cancer, is a member of the Ly-6 neurotoxin-like family in the nervous system, and is likely to play a role as a modulator of alpha7 signaling-induced cell death during development

Dynamic mechanical properties of human brain tissue

Investigators have been studying the mechanical phenomena associated with impact to the head for many years. Several theories on the behavior of the brain during head impact have come from these studies but there has been a notable lack of information on the bulk mechanical properties of the brain which are necessary for the evaluation of these theories. This paper represents an initial attempt at providing such information.The dynamic complex shear modulus of in vitro samples of human brain have been measured. Specimens from eight brains have been subjected to a sinusoidal shear stress input under resonant conditions in an electro-mechanical test device. Tests were conducted to determine the effects of time after death, refrigeration of material and shear strain dependence. A device to measure the dynamic properties of brain in vivo is described and preliminary data on in vivo tests on Rhesus monkeys is presented.The results of the dynamic shear testing on in vitro human brain indicate that the storage modulus G' lies between 6-11 x 103 dyn/cm2, the loss modulus G" lies between 3[middle dot]5-6[middle dot]0 x 103 dyn/cm2 and the loss tangent tan [delta] is in the range 0[middle dot]40-0[middle dot]55.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32936/1/0000319.pd

Selection of Bread Wheat for Low Grain Cadmium Concentration at the Seedling Stage Using Hydroponics versus Molecular Markers

The excessive accumulation of Cd in harvested crops grown on high-Cd soils has increased public concerns for food safety. Due to the high consumption of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) per capita, high concentrations of Cd in wheat grain can significantly affect human health. Breeding is a promising way to reduce grain Cd concentration. However, a lack of efficient selection methods impedes breeding for low grain Cd concentration in bread wheat. In this study, a recombinant inbred population segregating for grain Cd concentration was used to assess the efficacy of two selection methods for decreasing grain Cd concentration in bread wheat: a hydroponic selection method used shoot Cd concentration in 2-wk-old seedlings growing in Cd-containing medium, and a marker-based selection method using markers linked to heavy metal transporting P1B-ATPase 3 (HMA3), the gene underlying Cdu1. Both methods effectively selected low-Cd lines. The HMA3-linked marker-based selection was superior to hydroponic selection in terms of both simplicity and response to selection. The HMA3-linked markers explained 20% of the phenotypic variation in grain Cd concentration with an additive effect of 0.014 mg kg−1. The hydroponic selection and marker-based selection may target two different and independent processes controlling grain Cd accumulation, and they had no effect on grain Zn and Fe concentrations. The ALMT1-UPS4 marker associated with Al tolerance was not associated with grain Cd concentration but increased grain Zn and Fe concentrations. The 193-bp allele of the Rht8-associated marker, GWM261, was associated with increased grain Cd concentration

Anticonvulsant, behavioral, toxicological and antiepileptic characterization of diphenylsilanediol

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Department of Pharmacology,Includes bibliographical references (pages 167-180

Journal of Chemical Education

166-677

A Strategy for Cloning Apomixis-Associated cDNA Markers from Buffelgrass

A strategy to select apomixis-associated cDNA sequences was partially tested in buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link, = Cenclrrns ciliaris L.). The dominant A gene allele which confers apomixis would likely be expressed as mRNA only in reproductive tissue undergoing megasporogenesis. Sexual lines lack the apomixis allele. Poly A+ mRNA was isolated from meiotic florets of obligately apomictic line Higgins and sexual line B-11-7 and cloned into lwnbda gl23A. cDNA sequences associated with the npomictic phenotype were enriched by subtracting sequences common lo both plants as follows. Insert DNA sequences of sexual and apomictic cDNAs were released with Notl and Sall. Single­stranded ends of sexual cDNA inserts were removed with SI-nuclease and then the insert cDNA was digested with A/111 and Rsal to produce blunt-ended sexual cDNA fragments. Denatured apomictlc cDNA (not blunt-ended) was hybridised with a 50- to 100-fold excess of denatured sexual cDNA fragments. Sequences common to both plants hybridised to produce double-stranded, blunt-ended sequences that were non­clonable. Sequences specific lo the apomictic plant had sticky ends and were cloned into lambda gt22A. Apomixis-associated clones were obtained after several selection cycles in which plaque lifts were probed with biotinylated mRNA pooled from either sexual or apomictic lines. At each cycle, purified apomixis-associated plaques also co-cultured with a much lower number of plaques that hybridised with a sexual probe. Experiments are underway to improve the selectivity of this method

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

1R66-R7528

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

2R429-R43728