The Civilization of the Hittites of Syria

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In-work poverty in the East Midlands

Research that explores the nature and scale of in-work poverty in the East Midlands, using several established measures

Distinguishing alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency from asthma

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the relations that exist between α1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) and asthma and to evaluate practices for screening patients with asthma for this genetically determined condition in the context of current guidelines.Data SourcesEnglish-language articles were selected from a PubMed search using combinations of the following search terms: alpha1-antitrypsin, screening, and asthma.Study SelectionsStudies to be included in this review were based on the authors' expert opinions.ResultsAsthma and AATD are 2 distinct conditions yet they can coexist. Although AATD has a variable symptomatology and some patients may be asymptomatic, many can present with symptoms that are similar to those of asthma, such as dyspnea, wheezing, cough, and mucus production, which can cause confusion at diagnosis. A simple genetic test exists for AATD, which is a single-gene disorder, and the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society guidelines recommend the screening of patients with asthma who exhibit chronic airflow obstruction. Patients with AATD are seen by internal medicine, family medicine, allergy, and pulmonary clinicians, yet there is a generalized lack of awareness of testing among all specialties. This leads to a delayed diagnosis for patients with AATD, typically by 8.3 years.ConclusionA greater awareness of AATD among clinicians who regularly manage patients with asthma symptoms could increase diagnosis rates, thus optimizing interventions and management strategies to improve patient outcomes

A Cross-Country Analysis of Unbanked Within the OECD

Financial inclusion has been extensively researched on a nation-by-nation basis. The recently released Global Findex data set from the World Bank allows for this literature to be extended because it creates universal measures of relevant data. Because data are universal, it allows multiple nations to be analyzed simultaneously. Using a set of thirty-one countries from the OECD, we find that social factors are an important part of highly banked populations. Higher levels of trust in government and formal financial institutions increase the level of financial inclusion. Increases in income inequality are predicted to decrease the banked population within a nation. Our results suggest that in OECD nations the consideration of non-financial factors yields important insight into the determinants of financial inclusion

Simultaneity as an Invariant Equivalence Relation

This paper deals with the concept of simultaneity in classical and relativistic physics as construed in terms of group-invariant equivalence relations. A full examination of Newton, Galilei and Poincar\'e invariant equivalence relations in $\R^4$ is presented, which provides alternative proofs, additions and occasionally corrections of results in the literature, including Malament's theorem and some of its variants. It is argued that the interpretation of simultaneity as an invariant equivalence relation, although interesting for its own sake, does not cut in the debate concerning the conventionality of simultaneity in special relativity.Comment: Some corrections, mostly of misprints. Keywords: special relativity, simultaneity, invariant equivalence relations, Malament's theore

Household Tenure and Its Associations with Multiple Long-Term Conditions amongst Working-Age Adults in East London: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Using Linked Primary Care and Local Government Records

Multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs) are influenced in extent and nature by social determinants of health. Few studies have explored associations between household tenure and different definitions of MLTCs. This study aimed to examine associations between household tenure and MLTCs amongst working-age adults (16 to 64 years old, inclusive). This cross-sectional study used the 2019–2020 wave of an innovative dataset that links administrative data across health and local government for residents of a deprived borough in East London. Three definitions of MLTCs were operationalised based on a list of 38 conditions. Multilevel logistic regression models were built for each outcome and adjusted for a range of health and sociodemographic factors. Compared to working-age owner-occupiers, odds of basic MLTCs were 36% higher for social housing tenants and 19% lower for private renters (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.30–1.42; p < 0.001 and OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.77–0.84, p < 0.001, respectively). Results were consistent across different definitions of MLTCs, although associations were stronger for social housing tenants with physical-mental MLTCs. This study finds strong evidence that household tenure is associated with MLTCs, emphasising the importance of understanding household-level determinants of health. Resources to prevent and tackle MLTCs among working-age adults could be differentially targeted by tenure type

Microwave-assisted synthesis of cyclopentadienone iron tricarbonyl complexes: molecular structures of [{eta(4)-C4R2C(O)C4H8}Fe(CO)(3)] (R = Ph, 2,4-F2C6H3, 4-MeOC6H4) and attempts to prepare Fe(II) hydroxycyclopentadienyl-hydride complexes

Microwave irradiation of 1,6-diynes, RC≡C(CH2)4C≡CR, with Fe(CO)5 in dimethylether leads to the facile and clean formation of cyclopentadienone complexes [{η4-C4R2C(O)C4H8}Fe(CO)3] in good yields resulting from a [2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition. The molecular structures of three examples (R = Ph, 2,4-F2C6H3, 4-MeOC6H4) have been obtained. The addition of HBF4 leads to the clean and reversible formation of cationic hydroxycyclopentadienyl complexes [{η5-C4R2C(OH)C4H8}Fe(CO)3][BF4]. Sequential addition of hydroxide and acid has also been carried out in an attempt to prepare hydroxycyclopentadienyl–hydride complexes. These were largely unsuccessful but in one case a Shvo-type complex with a bridging hydride was detected by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Reasons for the differing behaviour of [{η4-C4(SiMe3)2C(O)C4H8}Fe(CO)3] and the related aryl-functionalised derivatives are considered