Is that Disappointment or Contempt I Feel for Humanity? Actual/Ideal (AI) and Actual/Ought (AO) Discrepancy Beliefs in Humanity Might Have Unique Emotional and Behavioral Consequences

Disappointment and contempt are important moral emotions that have the potential to influence social behavior. However, these emotions and their behavioral consequences have yet to be explored in the context of evaluative beliefs about humanity. One purpose of this dissertation was to begin filling this gap in the literature by examining the psychological mechanisms that give rise to feelings of disappointment in and contempt for humanity, and the social behavior they influence. Disappointment was hypothesized to be associated with AI-discrepancy beliefs (e.g., humanity is not compassionate enough), as they imply the absence of a desired outcome or expectation. Contempt was hypothesized to be associated with AO-discrepancy beliefs (e.g., humanity is cruel), as they imply humanity fails to meet minimal moral standards. Causal attributions (Weiner, 2006), identification with all of humanity (IWAH; McFarland et al., 2012), and implicit theories of personality (IT; Dweck, Chu, & Hong, 1995) were predicted to moderate these relationships. Finally, disappointment was predicted to promote prosocial behavior, while contempt was predicted to promote social avoidance. These predictions were tested in a serious of four studies. Proposed models of disappointment and contempt were tested in Study 1. Studies 2-4 tested the effects of discrepancies and proposed moderators experimentally. The results were mixed. The models of disappointment and contempt were not supported. Evidence was found suggesting AO-discrepancies can evoke both feelings of disappointment (Studies 2 and 3) and contempt for humanity (Studies 2, 3 and 4), while AI-discrepancies appear only to evoke feelings of disappointment (Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4). At times, IWAH might2moderate the effects of discrepancies on disappointment (Studies 1 and 2) and contempt (Studies 2 and 3). The proposed moderating effects of causal attributions and IT were largely unsupported. Finally, evidence was found suggesting disappointment and contempt might have unique effects on prosocial behavior and social avoidance, such that contempt seems to promote social avoidance, which might be influenced by IWAH, while disappointment is less likely to influence social behavior. The results of this work contribute to the literature and our understanding of beliefs about humanity, group identity, social emotions, causal attributions, and discrepancy theory

Frequency multiplication in high-energy electron beams Semiannual progress report, 1 Apr. - 1 Oct. 1967

High energy electron beam studies dealing with nonlinear analysis of beam-plasma interactions, cyclotron harmonic instabilities, and frequency multiplicatio

Microwave device investigations Semiannual progress report, 1 Oct. 1969 - 1 Apr. 1970

Beam-plasma interactions, cyclotron harmonic instability study, and millimeter and submillimeter wave detection by paramagnetic material

Frequency multiplication in high-energy electron beams Semiannual progress report, Oct. 1, 1966 - Apr. 1, 1967

Frequency multiplication in high energy electron beam

Microwave device investigations Semiannual progress report, 1 Apr. - 1 Oct. 1968

Beam-plasma interactions, cyclotron harmonic instabilities, harmonic generation in beam-plasma system, relativistic electron beam studies, and materials test

Microwave device investigations Semiannual progress report, 1 Apr. - 1 Oct. 1969

Summaries of progress in beam plasma interactions, paramagnetic and bulk semiconductor materials, and avalanche diode

Microwave device investigations Semiannual progress report, 1 Oct. 1968 - 1 Apr. 1969

Beam plasma amplification, harmonic generation, and coupling scheme

Frequency multiplication in high-energy electron beams Semiannual progress report, 1 Oct. 1967 - 31 Mar. 1968

Electron beam-plasma interactions, cyclotron harmonic instabilities, paramagnetic and semiconductor materials, and harmonic current generatio

The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in the Effective Collective Management of the Communal Rangelands

Numerous scientific studies have highlighted the complexities associated with the collective management of communal rangelands. To date, policy interventions in rangelands have largely ignored people’s traditional ways of managing, with adverse effects on rangeland productivity. Thus, local knowledge has not been considered in spatial planning, despite the fact that local rural communities are often repositories of key indigenous knowledge. Hence this study set out to evaluate the role of indigenous knowledge in the management of the communal rangeland in Cata and Guquka, now and in the future. This was achieved through the use of Participatory GIS (PGIS), specifically participatory mapping to analyse how the communities use and view their rangelands now and how this has changed over time, and whether this can form a potential resource for effective communal rangeland management in the future. Results revealed that Cata and Guquka participants held extensive indigenous and spatial knowledge in relation to their communal areas. However, the existing knowledge is not translated into effective management of the communal rangelands, instead it is trapped in the older generation. These findings were attributed to social challenges including an ageing population, lack of youth involvement, fear of livestock theft, lack of mutual trust amongst community members and lack of resources such as fencing, access to dipping tanks and government services, and financial constraints. Thus, factors inhibiting the use of the existing indigenous knowledge for effective management of the communal rangelands in Cata and Guquka are more social than environmental. This suggests that new policy approaches incorporating local people’s indigenous knowledge in spatial planning which takes into account their unique local situations and the relationships between people and their resources are necessary. When people feel like their voices are heard and opinions valued, the adoption and sustainability of policy-based interventions becomes less challenging. Therefore, indigenous local knowledge, if effectively harnessed, could form a key component in adaptive management of these communal rangelands