Changing Human Visual Field Organization from Early Visual to Extra-Occipital Cortex

BACKGROUND: The early visual areas have a clear topographic organization, such that adjacent parts of the cortical surface represent distinct yet adjacent parts of the contralateral visual field. We examined whether cortical regions outside occipital cortex show a similar organization. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The BOLD responses to discrete visual field locations that varied in both polar angle and eccentricity were measured using two different tasks. As described previously, numerous occipital regions are both selective for the contralateral visual field and show topographic organization within that field. Extra-occipital regions are also selective for the contralateral visual field, but possess little (or no) topographic organization. A regional analysis demonstrates that this weak topography is not due to increased receptive field size in extra-occipital areas. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: A number of extra-occipital areas are identified that are sensitive to visual field location. Neurons in these areas corresponding to different locations in the contralateral visual field do not demonstrate any regular or robust topographic organization, but appear instead to be intermixed on the cortical surface. This suggests a shift from processing that is predominately local in visual space, in occipital areas, to global, in extra-occipital areas. Global processing fits with a role for these extra-occipital areas in selecting a spatial locus for attention and/or eye-movements

Early interference of context congruence on object processing in rapid visual categorization of natural scenes.

Whereas most scientists agree that scene context can influence object recognition, the time-course of such object/context interactions is still unknown. To determine the earliest interactions between object and context processing, we used a rapid go/no-go categorization task in which natural scenes were briefly flashed and subjects required to respond as fast as possible to animal-targets. Targets were pasted on congruent (natural) or incongruent (urban) contexts. Experiment 1 showed that pasting a target on another congruent background induced performance impairments, whereas segregation of targets on a blank background had very little effect on behavior. Experiment 2 used animals pasted on congruent or incongruent contexts. Context incongruence induced a 10% drop of correct hits and a 16ms increase in median reaction times, affecting even the earliest behavioral responses. Experiment 3 replicated the congruency effect with other subjects and other stimuli, thus demonstrating its robustness. Object and context must be processed in parallel with continuous interactions possibly through feed-forward co-activation of populations of visual neurons selective to diagnostic features. Facilitation would be induced by the customary co-activation of "congruent" populations of neurons whereas interference would take place when conflictual populations of neurons fire simultaneously.\r\n \r\nArticle available here: http://journalofvision.org/8/13/1

Rapid visual categorization of natural scene contexts with equalized amplitude spectrum and increasing phase noise

This study aimed to determine the extent to which rapid visual context categorization relies on global scene statistics, such as diagnostic amplitude spectrum information. We measured performance in a Natural vs. Man-made context categorization task using a set of achromatic photographs of natural scenes equalized in average luminance, global contrast, and spectral energy. Results suggest that the visual system might use amplitude spectrum characteristics of the scenes to speed up context categorization processes. In a second experiment, we measured performance impairments with a parametric degradation of phase information applied to power spectrum averaged scenes. Results showed that performance accuracy was virtually unaffected up to 50% of phase blurring, but then rapidly fell to chance level following a sharp sigmoid curve. Response time analysis showed that subjects tended to make their fastest responses based on the presence of diagnostic man-made information; if no man-made characteristics enable to reach rapidly a decision threshold, because of a natural scene display or a high level of noise, the alternative decision for a natural response became increasingly favored. This two-phase strategy could maximize categorization performance if the diagnostic features of man-made environments tolerate higher levels of noise than natural features, as proposed recently.\r\n\r\nfree access to paper here: http://journalofvision.org/9/1/2/\r\

Unassisted Solar Syngas Production by a Molecular Dye-Cobalt Catalyst Assembly in a Tandem Photoelectrochemical Cell

International audiencecological transition requires the development of carbon capture and utilization technologies powered by renewable energies. Direct solar conversion of CO2 in photoelectrochemical cells is a promising approach to produce syngas, en route to fuels and chemicals. We report here on a dyad based on a Ru-based metallorganic dye and a tetraazamacrocyclic cobalt catalyst grafted on NiO to form efficient molecular photocathodes for CO-rich syngas production (ratio of CO/H-2 > 80:20) from a CO2-saturated aqueous bicarbonate buffer. After integration with a BiVO4/CoPi photoanode in a tandem photoelectrochemical cell in a Z-scheme configuration, syngas could be produced from CO2 water with Faradaic efficiencies (FE) of 62 % and 14 % for CO and H-2, respectively, under visible light and in the absence of any applied bias, equating to a solar to fuel conversion efficiency of 1.3 x 10(-2) %

Molecular approaches toward hydrogen production in dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells

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