The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997: Provisions for Farmers and Rural Communities

Under the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, most farmers will pay less Federal income tax, and farm families will find it easier to transfer the family farm across generations. The new law--the tax portion of 1997 legislation to balance the Federal budget by 2002--emerges from years of debate on proposals for tax simplification, broad tax reduction, and targeted relief for capital gains and estate taxes. The legislation is expected to generate a net tax reduction of $95 billion over 5 years for all taxpayers. A number of general and targeted tax relief provisions will reduce Federal taxes significantly for farmers and other rural residents, but also will increase the complexity of both Federal income and estate taxes. Farmers are expected to save more than$1.6 billion per year in Federal income taxes and $150-200 million in Federal estate taxes.farm taxation, Federal income tax, family farm, capital gains, estate taxes, tax reform, tax policy, agricultural assets, farm income variability, Agricultural Finance, Public Economics,

WILL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS (EVER) BECOME PART OF U.S. FARM POLICY?

Various forms of farmer savings accounts have been proposed to help U.S. farmers manage their income variability. Financial incentives include tax-deferral and government matching deposits. This paper estimates farmer eligibility, program size, and benefit distributions for two congressional proposals: FARRM accounts and a farm counter-cyclical savings account program.Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance,

EFFECTS OF FEDERAL TAX POLICY ON AGRICULTURE

This report analyzes the effects of the current Federal tax code on farming and evaluates tax proposals to assist beginning farmers. Investment, management, and production decisions in agriculture continue to be influenced by Federal tax laws. Farmers continue to benefit from both Federal income and estate tax policies targeted to agriculture. These provisions exert upward pressure on farmland values and help support ongoing trends that increase the number of very small and large farms. However, the influence of the current tax structure with lower marginal tax rates and a broader income base is less than in earlier decades and may be small relative to government farm programs. Tax proposals to assist beginning farmers would likely increase the availability of land for lease or purchase, but would do little to make land more affordable.Federal tax policy, income tax, social security tax, structure, small farms, estate and gift tax, capital gains, farm losses, Agricultural Finance, Public Economics,

On the mechanism of the thiamine catalyzed reductive dimerization of farnesyl pyrophosphate to squalene.

The mechanism of the dimerization of farnesyl pyrophosphate to squalene was investigated in detail. Thiamine was found to catalyze this dimerization in yeast-soluble enzyme preparations. Removal of thiamine was found to cause the buildup of farnesyl pyrophosphate in the enzyme system. Derivatives of thiamine were tested to examine their effect on the dimerization reaction and were found to be inactive. It was found that extremely small amounts of thiamine enhance the formation of squalene while large concentrations inhibit the formation of squalene. Thiamine derivatives were synthesized to try to identify the intermediates in the enzyme system. These compounds are discussed as to their relationship to the dimerization reaction. The possible involvement of thiamine in other biochemical reactions was discussed in light of the above results. Several hypothetical mechanisms were postulated to explain the systems discussed

Small Mammals In Relation To Natural Revegetation Of Gold Dredge Tailings At Nyac, Alaska

Thesis (M.S.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 198

Analytical treatments of micro-channel and micro-capillary flows

This paper was presented at the 3rd Micro and Nano Flows Conference (MNF2011), which was held at the Makedonia Palace Hotel, Thessaloniki in Greece. The conference was organised by Brunel University and supported by the Italian Union of Thermofluiddynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Thessaly, IPEM, the Process Intensification Network, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Heat Transfer Society, HEXAG - the Heat Exchange Action Group, and the Energy Institute.Extensive work in the field of micro-channel and micro-capillary flows using the extended Navier-Stokes equations are carried out in this paper by taking the diffusive mass transport into account and provided the basis for analytical treatments of these flows. The results are compared with experimental results for micro-channels and showed good agreement. It is found that a characteristic pressure is useful to explain the comparisons. In addition, the work on micro-channel flows is extended to micro-capillary flows, to provide analytical treatments of this class of flows. The analytical results show similar behavior to that of micro-channel flows. Comparisons between the analytical results and experimental findings are also presented and discussed by introducing the characteristic pressure

Treatments of flows through micro-channels based on the Extended Navier-Stokes-Equations

This paper was presented at the 3rd Micro and Nano Flows Conference (MNF2011), which was held at the Makedonia Palace Hotel, Thessaloniki in Greece. The conference was organised by Brunel University and supported by the Italian Union of Thermofluiddynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Thessaly, IPEM, the Process Intensification Network, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Heat Transfer Society, HEXAG - the Heat Exchange Action Group, and the Energy Institute.The paper briefly refers to the present treatments of micro-channel flows that are based on the existing Navier-Stokes-Equations and the employment of wall-slip boundary conditions. The Maxwell slip velocity is employed for this purpose. This theoretical treatment is questioned. It is shown by the authors that the existing Navier-Stokes-Equations are incomplete. They do not contain terms for the self diffusion of mass. Introducing these terms yields the extended Navier-Stokes-Equations that allow micro-channel flows to be treated without the assumption of Maxwellian slip velocities at the wall. A pressure driven slip velocity occurs at the wall and it results as part of the solution for flows in micro-channels by the “Extended Navier-Stokes Equations”. Using these equations, analytical treatments of micro-channel flows are presented. Good agreement with existing experimental results is obtained

Criticality experiments with planar arrays of three-liter bottles containing plutonium nitrate solution

The objective of these experiments was to provide benchmark data to validate calculational codes used in critically safety assessments of plant configurations. Arrays containing up to as many as sixteen three-liter bottles filled with plutonium nitrate were used in the experiments. A split-table device was used in the final assembly of the arrays. Ths planar arrays were reflected with close fitting plexiglas on each side and on the bottom but not the top surface. The experiments addressed a number of factors effecting criticality: the critical air gap between bottles in an array of fixed number of bottles, the number of bottles required for criticality if the bottles were touching, and the effect on critical array spacing and critical bottle number due to the insertion of an hydrogeneous substance into the air gap between bottles. Each bottle contained about 2.4l of Pu(NO{sub 3}){sub 4} solution at a Pu concentration of 105g Pu/l, with the {sup 240}Pu content being 2.9 wt% at a free acid molarity H{sup +} of 5.1. After the initial series of experiments were performed with bottles separated by air gaps, plexiglas shells of varying thicknesses were placed around each bottle to investigate how moderation between bottles affects both the number of bottles required for criticality and the critical spacing between each bottle. The minimum of bottles required for criticality was found to be 10.9 bottles, occurring for a square array with bottles in contact. As the bottles were spaced apart, the critical number increased. For sixteen bottles in a square array, the critical separation between surfaces in both x and y direction was 0.96 cm. The addition of plexiglas around each bottle decreased the critical bottle number, compared to those separated in air, but the critical bottle number, even with interstitial plastic in place was always greater than 10.9 bottles. The most reactive configuration was a tightly packed array of bottles with no intervening material

Structural and Financial Characteristics of U.S. Farms: 2001 Family Farm Report

Family farms vary widely in size and other characteristics, ranging from very small retirement and residential farms to establishments with sales in the millions of dollars. The farm typology developed by the Economic Research Service (ERS) categorizes farms into groups based primarily on occupation of the operator and sales class of the farm. The typology groups reflect operators' expectations from farming, position in the life cycle, and dependence on agriculture. The groups differ in their importance to the farm sector, product specialization, program participation, and dependence on farm income. These (and other) differences are discussed in this report.Agricultural Resource Management Study (ARMS), family farms, farm businesses, farm financial situation, farm operator household income, farm operators, farm structure, farm typology, female farm operators, government payments, spouses of farm operators, taxes, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management,

Two different quasiparticle scattering rates in vortex line liquid phase of layered d-wave superconductors

We carry out a quantum mechanical analysis of the behavior of nodal quasiparticles in the vortex line liquid phase of planar d-wave superconductors. Applying a novel path integral technique we calculate a number of experimentally relevant observables and demonstrate that in the low-field regime the quasiparticle scattering rates deduced from photoemission and thermal transport data can be markedly different from that extracted from tunneling, specific heat, superfluid stiffness or spin-lattice relaxation time.Comment: Latex, 4 pages, no figure