14,660 research outputs found
Secretory RING finger proteins function as effectors in a grapevine galling insect.
BackgroundAll eukaryotes share a conserved network of processes regulated by the proteasome and fundamental to growth, development, or perception of the environment, leading to complex but often predictable responses to stress. As a specialized component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), the RING finger domain mediates protein-protein interactions and displays considerable versatility in regulating many physiological processes in plants. Many pathogenic organisms co-opt the UPS through RING-type E3 ligases, but little is known about how insects modify these integral networks to generate novel plant phenotypes.ResultsUsing a combination of transcriptome sequencing and genome annotation of a grapevine galling species, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, we identified 138 putatively secretory protein RING-type (SPRINGs) E3 ligases that showed structure and evolutionary signatures of genes under rapid evolution. Moreover, the majority of the SPRINGs were more expressed in the feeding stage than the non-feeding egg stage, in contrast to the non-secretory RING genes. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the SPRINGs formed clusters, likely resulting from species-specific gene duplication and conforming to features of arthropod host-manipulating (effector) genes. To test the hypothesis that these SPRINGs evolved to manipulate cellular processes within the plant host, we examined SPRING interactions with grapevine proteins using the yeast two-hybrid assay. An insect SPRING interacted with two plant proteins, a cellulose synthase, CSLD5, and a ribosomal protein, RPS4B suggesting secretion reprograms host immune signaling, cell division, and stress response in favor of the insect. Plant UPS gene expression during gall development linked numerous processes to novel organogenesis.ConclusionsTaken together, D. vitifoliae SPRINGs represent a novel gene expansion that evolved to interact with Vitis hosts. Thus, a pattern is emerging for gall forming insects to manipulate plant development through UPS targeting
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A stereospecific ^3J_(CF) coupling in the low-temperature ^(13)C nmr spectrum of 1,1-difluorocyclohexane
The proton-decoupled ^(13)C nmr spectrum of 1,1-difluorocyclohexane has been examined at room temperature and at -90 degrees C. There are only minor changes in the one-bond and two-bond carbon-fluorine scalar coupling constants at the lower temperature; however, the triplet observed for C-3 (^3J_(CF) = 4.7 Hz) collapses to a doublet (3JCF = 9.5 Hz) at -90 °C. It is proposed that only the equatorial fluorine is coupled with the C-3 carbon as the result of operation of a back-lobe orbital interaction
On the steady state correlation functions of open interacting systems
We address the existence of steady state Green-Keldysh correlation functions
of interacting fermions in mesoscopic systems for both the partitioning and
partition-free scenarios. Under some spectral assumptions on the
non-interacting model and for sufficiently small interaction strength, we show
that the system evolves to a NESS which does not depend on the profile of the
time-dependent coupling strength/bias. For the partitioned setting we also show
that the steady state is independent of the initial state of the inner sample.
Closed formulae for the NESS two-point correlation functions (Green-Keldysh
functions), in the form of a convergent expansion, are derived. In the
partitioning approach, we show that the 0th order term in the interaction
strength of the charge current leads to the Landauer-Buettiker formula, while
the 1st order correction contains the mean-field (Hartree-Fock) results
Non-equilibrium steady-states for interacting open systems: exact results
Under certain conditions we prove the existence of a steady-state transport
regime for interacting mesoscopic systems coupled to reservoirs (leads). The
partitioning and partition-free scenarios are treated on an equal footing. Our
time-dependent scattering approach is {\it exact} and proves, among other
things the independence of the steady-state quantities from the initial state
of the sample. Closed formulas for the steady-state current amenable for
perturbative calculations w.r.t. the interaction strength are also derived. In
the partitioning case we calculate the first order correction and recover the
mean-field (Hartree-Fock) results.Comment: To appear in Phys. Rev.
Perturbed angular correlation study of a haptenic molecule
The angular correlation of the 173-247 keV gamma-ray cascade after the electron-capture decay of (111)In is strongly perturbed when the I-p-nitrophenylethylenediaminetetraacetate chelate of (111)In(3+) is added to a solution containing rabbit antibody to dinitrophenyl groups. The radioactive chelate can be displaced by the addition of dinitrophenyllysine or unlabeled chelate. The average association constant between the antibody and the labeled chelate has been estimated from perturbed angular correlation measurements; this value is compared to the results of equilibrium dialysis. These experiments provide good evidence that information concerning macromolecular behavior can be obtained from perturbed angular correlation experiments that use chemically specific labels
Tau-aggregation inhibitor therapy for Alzheimer's disease
Article Accepted Date: 9 December 2013 Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
New developments in FeynRules
The program FeynRules is a Mathematica package developed to facilitate the
implementation of new physics theories into high-energy physics tools. Starting
from a minimal set of information such as the model gauge symmetries, its
particle content, parameters and Lagrangian, FeynRules provides all necessary
routines to extract automatically from the Lagrangian (that can also be
computed semi-automatically for supersymmetric theories) the associated Feynman
rules. These can be further exported to several Monte Carlo event generators
through dedicated interfaces, as well as translated into a Python library,
under the so-called UFO model format, agnostic of the model complexity,
especially in terms of Lorentz and/or color structures appearing in the
vertices or of number of external legs. In this work, we briefly report on the
most recent new features that have been added to FeynRules, including full
support for spin-3/2 fermions, a new module allowing for the automated
diagonalization of the particle spectrum and a new set of routines dedicated to
decay width calculations.Comment: 6 pages. Contribution to the 15th International Workshop on advanced
computing and analysis techniques (ACAT 2013), 16-21 May, Beijing, Chin
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