Stand and coarse woody debris dynamics in subalpine Norway spruce forests withdrawn from regular management

We studied structural characteristics, amount and quality of coarse woody debris (CWD), intensity of competition and mortality in two subalpine Norway spruce stands withdrawn from regular management. The stands, that we measured twice (in 1993 and 2005), have similar age and structure, but a different time has elapsed since the last silvicultural treatments (respectively 22 and about 55 y). The main purposes were to analyze the current stage of development as compared to the old-growth one and to highlight the legacies of past management. Although relatively old, the first plot (Valbona 1) was at the end of the pole stage. CWD was low in volume and was mainly of man-made origin (stumps). A recent thinning from below has reduced density-dependent competition and delayed the development of old-growth characteristics. The second plot (Valbona 2a) was at the beginning of the transition stage, with density-dependent and allogenic mortality both active at the same time. CWD volume was higher in plot Valbona 2a than in Valbona 1, but neither was comparable yet to the reference old-growth sites from Central Europe, both in quantity and in quality (e.g., decay rate continuity). The effects of the past management were: (1) reducing the quality and quantity of the CWD, (2) alleviating competition, (3) increasing resistance to minor disturbances and, as a consequence, (4) delaying the development processes. In mature or overmature subalpine Norway spruce stands withdrawn from regular management many decades are necessary to develop old-growth characteristics and a longer period of time is necessary to reach a true old-growth stage

Hearing nature’s heartbeat: towards large-scale real-time forest monitoring network in Italy

Climate change undermines forests’ health, vitality, and, as a consequence, tree functionality, productivity, and resilience to biotic disturbances. Mountain and sub-alpine forests are particularly susceptible to climate extremes and are showing signs of degradation in Europe. Warmer temperatures, drought, higher frequency and intensity of natural disturbances increasingly alter species distribution and survival, their growing capacity, reproduction, establishment, as well as their potential adaptation to climate change. Real-time monitoring of trees’ and stands’ responses to such events provides an effective way to better understand and even foresee the adverse side effects of climate change. The use of advanced and innovative monitoring tools and devices is required for ensuring long-term, large-scale, and real-time monitoring of forest dynamics. Here, we present the TreeTalker Italia Network (TTIN), i.e., the first large-scale network of tree-proximal sensors (TreeTalkers©) at a national scale in Italy. We describe the recent advances, innovations, and potential of such devices for continuous monitoring and research. As a primer, we argue that TTIN will provide effective support to ongoing science and policy efforts for monitoring natural resources’ dynamics on a large scale (e.g., forest inventory, climate impacts), including their effects on human well-being

Índices de competição em árvores individuais de eucalipto

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar cinco índices de competição independentes da distância, em árvores individuais de plantios comerciais de eucalipto, e verificar a possibilidade de ajuste de uma equação única para o crescimento em diâmetro e altura, bem como a probabilidade de mortalidade para três classes de produtividade. Foram avaliados dados de 30 parcelas permanentes de plantios clonais híbridos, não desbastados, de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. Os índices de competição foram avaliados por meio do coeficiente de correlação simples e o teste F‑parcial, juntamente com o teste de identidade, para verificar a possibilidade de ajuste de uma equação única para três classes de produtividade. O índice de área basal foi o que apresentou o melhor desempenho. Ao contrário do observado quanto ao crescimento em diâmetro e altura, para a probabilidade de mortalidade, foi possível o ajuste de uma única equação para as três classes de produtividade