COMPARAISON DES PRECIPITATIONS PENDANT LA PERIODE DE CULTURE DE SOJA DANS DEUX REGIONS AU BRESIL

International audienceThis paper aims to compare the recent rainfall variability during the soybean cultivation month between 1998-1999 and 2012-2013 in two main producing regions in Brazil: the northwestern Rio Grande do Sul and north Mato Grosso. The data correspond to cumulative monthly figures between October and April of the National Water Agency rain gauge network (ANA) in Brazil. The main results indicate annual variability different modes, especially in subtropical and temperate climates such as Rio Grande do Sul that have the observed rainfall lowest variability values indicating greater consistency between data and also a great relationship with soy annual data. In the Mato Grosso region, dominated by the tropical continental climate and also transitional climate, the variability is lower and the relation between annual rainfall and soybean production cannot be stated as simply.Le but de cet article est de comparer la variation récente de l'ensemble des précipitations des mois correspondant à la culture de soja entre 1998-1999 et 2012-2013 dans deux régions productrices au Brésil : le Nord-Ouest du Rio Grande do Sul et le Nord du Mato Grosso. Les données utilisées sont les totaux mensuels cumulés entre octobre et avril, obtenus auprès de l'Agence nationale de l'eau (ANA) du Brésil. Les principaux résultats indiquent différents modes de variabilité interannuelle, en particulier pour les climats subtropicaux et tempérés comme dans l'Etat de Rio Grande do Sul, qui présente la plus faible variabilité pluviométrique observée, ainsi qu'une bonne relation entre les pluies annuelles et les rendements de soja. Dans la région du Mato Grosso, où domine un climat tropical de type continental plus arrosé, la variabilité est moins homogène entre les stations pluviométriques et la relation entre pluies annuelles et rendements du soja ne peut être établie

Health-economic modelling of infectious disease diagnostics: current approaches and future opportunities

Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health threat; infections with resistant organisms are estimated to cause over 650.000 infections and over 30.000 deaths in Europe. AMR is associated with antibiotic consumption: appropriate prescribing of antibiotics is key in combating AMR. To fight this threat, it has been suggested that point-of-care diagnostics to inform antibiotics prescribing are an important tool in reducing antibiotics prescriptions. With the objective of knowing the state of the art, we reviewed diagnostic cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) for infectious disease, focussing on model types, effects on prescriptions and AMR.  Methods: We searched the literature comprehensively through the PUBMED, Web of Science and EMBASE databases, as well as grey literature for the period 2000-2018. We included economic evaluations for diagnostic strategies for infectious disease in all geographic areas. Data extraction was based on the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards statement, with an additional focus on the modelling type and inclusion of AMR.Results: In general, CEAs of diagnostics for infectious disease fall in two categories: trial-based cost-effectiveness, focusing on short-term outcomes, and long-term models, focusing on outcomes extrapolated beyond the trial. Outcomes measured are for example prescriptions saved or hospitalizations saved. Cost-utility analyses seem to be difficult, as QALY differences between various diagnostic strategies are minor. Antimicrobial resistance is considered indirectly: as an ICER with prescriptions saved as an outcome; by calculating the threshold cost of resistance that would change the conclusion of cost-effectiveness; or as a point estimate; often, it is not considered at all.Conclusions: CEAs of diagnostic strategies for infectious disease are relatively scarce and it can be challenging to prove the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies, especially in the context of relatively inexpensive treatments, such as antibiotics. However, there is an important opportunity of including the societal costs of AMR in future CEAs.<br/

Índices de vegetação aplicados na discriminação de classes de idade e manejo de Pinus.

O objetivo do estudo foi discriminar classes de idade e manejo de áreas de plantio de Pinus localizadas no planalto norte catarinense, por meio da avaliação dos índices de vegetação (IV). Para a geração dos índices NDVI (índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada), NDVI-RE (índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada na borda vermelha), EVI (índice de vegetação realçado) e ARI (índice de reflectância da antocianina), foram utilizadas duas cenas do satélite RapidEye de novembro de 2013. Foram selecionadas parcelas plantadas nos anos 1999, 2003 e 2007, em situações com e sem desbaste. Entre as parcelas com essas características, foram sorteadas ao acaso seis repetições para cada tratamento. Após a extração dos valores dos IV de cada parcela, foram feitas as seguintes análises: (1) comparação dos valores médios de IV das parcelas de 1999, 2003 e 2007, sem desbaste, pelos testes Anova e Tukey; (2) comparação dos valores médios de IV considerando os fatores ano (1999 e 2003) e manejo (sem e com desbaste), pelos testes Anova dois fatores e Tukey. Para todos os testes foi considerado o nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados permitem concluir que os IVs estudados foram adequados para a separação das classes de idade de Pinus, com especial destaque para o NDVI-RE, que diferenciou as três classes de idade. Já para as imagens que não têm banda borda do vermelho, a separação pode ser feita pela combinação do ARI com o NDVI ou o EVI. Não foi possível fazer a discriminação das classes de manejo

Geração do mosaico de Moçambique a partir de imagens do satélite Landsat 8.

Esta Circular Técnica tem como objetivo apresentar o processo de geração de um mosaico digital usando imagens de Moçambique feitas pelo satélite Landsat 8 em 2013 e o software Erdas Imagine 2014, processo esse que pode ser extrapolado para a construção de mosaicos digitais em geral.bitstream/item/126185/1/4533.pd