PENGARUH LEVEL PUPUK BOKASHI KOTORAN AYAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN LAMTORO (Leucaena leucocephala)

THE EFFECT OF CHICKEN MANURE BOKASHI LEVEL ON GROWTH OF LAMTORO (Leucaena leucocephala). The aim of this experiment was to study the effect  of organic fertilizer Bokashi from chicken manure on performance of Leucaena leucocephala in term of tall of plant, number of compound leaves and number of leaflets. Treatment consisted of four level of bokashi as follows B1 = 0 gram,  B2 = 200 gram, B3 = 400 gram and  B4 = 800 gram bokashi/ polybag.  Design has been used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 7 replications.  Analysis of variance showed that  level of bokashi at 400 and 800 gram / polybag gave a significant difference (P<0,05) better than others levels in term of tall of plant, number of compound leaves and number of leaflets. Tuckey Simultaneous Test showed that both treatments gave the significant different (P<0,05) higher than others levels. Based on these results it can be concluded that application of 400 gram/polybag  organic fertilizer bokashi chicken manure enough to produce good performance of Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) in term of tall of plant, number of compound leaves  and number of leaflets. Keywords: Bokashi, leucaena, growth, chicken manure

EKSPLORASI FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA (FMA) PADA RIZOSFIR HIJAUAN PAKAN

EXPLORATION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (AM) FUNGI IN FORAGE RHIZOSPHERES. This study aimed to determine the diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in several kinds of hybrid forages Rhizospheres, either in grasses or legumes. Soil samples were taken from three different locations, consisted of: Mapanget (forages type: Leucaena leucocepala, Sorghum varieties numbu, Penicettum purpureum cv. Mott), Tateli (forages type: calothyrsus Calliandra, Gliricidia sepium) and Campus of UNSRAT, Manado (forage type: King grass). The soil samples which taken from forages rhizospheres were sieved using Brundrett method and then centrifuged.  Thereafter, isolation and identification of spore were carried out based on spore morphology character, involves: shape, size, color, hyphae attachment, and ornament. Extraction and identification of spores on six types of rhizosphere were found 34 different types of AMF spores in shape and color. In grass, it was found three types of spores, i.e.: Glomus, Acaulospora, and Sclerocystis, meanwhile in leguminous just one type of spore was found, i.e.: Glomus. The difference of rhizosphere in grass and leguminosae resulted in different types of spores, where Sclerocystis and Acaulospora are found in grasses, on the contrary Sclerocystis and Acaulospora are not found in leguminosae. Based on the number of spores of AMF, it seemed that Glomus types found to have the most number, while Sclerocystis and Acaulospora had the lowest number of spores found. Key words: Exploration, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), Grass, Legume, Spore

PENGARUH LEVEL PUPUK BOKASHI KOTORAN AYAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SORGUM BROWN MID RIB (BMR)

EFFECT OF BOKASHI FERTILIZER LEVEL CHICKEN MANURE ON THE GROWHTH OF BROWN MID RIB (BMR) SORGHUM. The purpose of the present research was to determine effect of bokashi fertilizer level chicken manure on the growhth of brown mid rib (bmr) sorghum. The research was used in a completely randomized design arrangement, with 4 treatments and 7 replications. Treatments were formulated as follow : b1 = 0 g/polybag, b2 = 200 g/polybag, b3 = 400 g/polybag, b4 = 800 g/polybag. Parameters measured were : plant height, number of leaves length of leaves. Research result showed that,  bokashi fertilizer of chicken manure gave a significant different (p<0,05) on plant height, number of leaves leaves length of brown mid rib sorghum. Based on the research result, it can be concluded that, the utilization  of bokashi fertilizer level chicken manure with 200 g/polybag, enough to support  the growth of plant height, number of leaves and leaves length of brown mid rib sorghum.Keywords : Bokashi Fertilizer Level Chicken Manure, Brown Mid Rib Sorghum, Growth

Variasi Dimensi Benda Uji Terhadap Kuat Tarik Lentur Beton Mutu Tinggi

Kemampuan beton dalam menahan beban tarik relatif lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan kemampuan menahan beban tekan. Sikament LN adalah bahan tambahan yang digunakan dalam pembuatan beton dengan fungsi mempercepat pengerasan beton dan meningkatkan mutu beton. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan perbandingan nilai kuat tarik lentur beton mutu tinggi dari berbagai ukuran dimensi benda uji. Dari 4 variasi komposisi campuran dengan penambahan Sikament LN sebesar 0%, 0,6% and 1%; akan didapatkan variasi komposisi campuran yang menghasilkan kuat tekan optimum, dengan menggunakan metode campuran beton dari American Concrete Institute (ACI 211.4R08).Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kuat tekan optimum didapat pada komposisi campuran BMTS-1%.. Korelasiantara kuat tarik lentur dan dimensi benda uji balok menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar ukuran dimensi benda uji balok, semakin kecil nilaikuat tarik lentur balok beton mutu tingg

Respons Rumput Brachiaria Humidicola CV. Tully Dan Pennisetum Purpureum CV. Mott Terhadap Pemupukan Unsur Hara Makro N, P, K

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk NPK terhadap Potensi Produksi Rumput Brachiaria .humidicola cv. Tully dan Penisetum purpureum cv. Mott. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah model experimental dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak kelompok (RAK) dengan pola Faktorial. Faktor A jenis rumput : a1 = Rumput B. humidicola cv. Trully ; a2 = Rumput P. purpureum cv. Mott. Faktor B jenis pupuk b1 = Pupuk tunggal N (Urea) ; b2 = Pupuk kombinasi NP (Urea + TSP) ; b3 = pupuk kombinasi NPK (Urea + TSP + KCl). Dosis pupuk yang digunakan Urea= 150 kg/ha, TSP = 75 kg/ha, KCl = 75 kg/ha, sehingga terdapat 6 kombinasi perlakuan dan masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak 4 kali. Jumlah keseluruhan satuan percobaan adalah 24 satuan percobaan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan, yang terletak di desa Talawaan Bantik Kecamatan Wori Kabupaten Minahasa Utara Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa jenis rumput, jenis pupuk dan interaksi jenis rumput dan jenis pupuk memberikan hasil yang berbeda sangat nyata (P<0.01) terhadap potensi produksi segar, potensi produksi bahan kering dan potensi produksi protein. Potensi produksi segar, potensi bahan kering, dan potensi produksi protein rumput B sangat nyata (P<0,01) lebih tinggi dari rumput A. Potensi produksi segar, produksi bahan kering, produksi protein rumput yang diberikan pupuk NPK sangat nyata lebih tinggi (P<0.01) dari rumput yang diberikan pupuk NP dan N secara tunggal.Pemberian pupuk NPK menghasilkan potensi produksi segar, potensi produksi bahan kering dan potensi produksi protein masing-masing 53,15%, 40,48%, dan 77,26% lebih tinggi dibandingkan pemberian pupuk N secara tunggal. Rumput B yang diberikan pupuk NPK menghasilkan potensi produksi segar, potensi produksi bahan kering dan potensi produksi protein yang paling tinggi

KONDISI PADANG LAMUN DI PANTAI DESA BASAAN SATU KECAMATAN RATATOTOK KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA (The Condition of Seagrass Beds on the Beach of Basaan Satu Village, Ratatotok District, Southeast Minahasa Regency)

Seagrass is the main component of the seagrass bed ecosystem. The existence andproductivity of seagrass beds have a very important ecological role for life in the sea and on land. Thisresearch is to determine the type of seagrass, to determine the condition and structure of the seagrasscommunity and environmental parameters on the coast of Basaan Satu Village. The method that theauthor uses is the quadratic transect method. This method is usually used to observe the communitystructure of seagrass beds using a line transect of 50 m and a square of 50×50 cm². Seagrass speciesidentified in the coastal waters of Basaan Satu Village, Ratatotok District, Southeast MinahasaRegency, namely as many as 5 species including Syringodium isoetifolium, Thalassia hemprichii,Halodule uninervis, Halodule pinifolia, Enhalus acoroides and cymodocea rotundata. Seagrass coverper species was dominated by the species Syringodium isoetifolium, the highest density was for thespecies Syringodium isoetifolium, the highest important value index for seagrass was found for thespecies Thalassia hemprichii with a value of 102.26%, the diversity index value was 0.93 which wasclassified as moderate, and the index value dominance is equal to 0.53. low category. Environmentalparameters of seagrass beds at the study site have a range of values: temperature 31.47-33.39°C,salinity 29.08-30.49 ppt, dissolved oxygen 6.55-9.67, pH 9.23- 9.94, turbidity 0-2.6, and the substratefound was sand, muddy sand, crushed coral sand, and coral rubble.Keywords: Seagrass Conditions, Community Structure, Basaan Satu Village ABSTRAKLamun merupakan komponen utama penyusun ekosistem padang lamun. Keberadaan danproduktivitas padang lamun memiliki peranan ekologi yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan di lautmaupun di darat. Penelitian ini Untuk mengetahui jenis lamun, Untuk mengetahui kondisi dan strukturkomonitas padang lamun dan parameter lingkungan di pantai Desa Basaan Satu. Metode yang penulisgunakan yaitu metode transek kuadrat. Metode ini biasanya di pakai untuk mengamati strukturkomunitas padang lamun menggunakan line transek 50 m dan kuadrat 50×50 cm². Spesies lamun yangteridentifikasi di perairan pantai Desa Basaan Satu Kecamatan Ratatotok Kabupaten MinahasaTenggara, yaitu sebanyak 5 spesies diantaranya sebagai berikut Syringodium isoetifolium, Thalassiahemprichii, Halodule uninervis, Halodule pinifolia, Enhalus acoroides dan cymodocea rotundata.Tutupan lamun per jenis didominasi oleh spesies Syringodium isoetifolium, kepadatan jenis tertinggipada spesies Syringodium isoetifolium, Indeks nilai penting lamun tertinggi terdapat pada spesiesThalassia hemprichii dengan nilai sebesar 102,26%, nilai indeks keanekaragaman yaitu 0,93 yangtergolong sedang, dan nilai indeks dominasi yaitu sebesar 0,53. kategori rendah. Parameter lingkunganperairan padang lamun yang berada di lokasi penelitian memiliki kisaran nilai: suhu 31,47-33,39°C,salinitas 29,08-30,49 ppt, Oksigen terlarut 6,55-9,67, pH 9,23-9,94, kekeruhan 0-2,6, dan substrat yangditemukan pasir, pasir berlumpur, pasir pecahan karang, pecahan karang.Kata Kunci: Kondisi lamun, Struktur Komunitas, Desa Basaan Satu &nbsp; &nbsp

Somatostatin receptor subtypes in human thymoma and inhibition of cell proliferation by octreotide in vitro

Somatostatin (SS) and SS receptor (SSR) subtypes, code-named sst1-5, are heterogeneously expressed in the normal human thymus. This suggests their involvement in controlling the immune and/or neuroendocrine functions in this organ. Moreover, recently a high in vivo uptake of [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]octreotide has been reporte

17-β-Estradiol-dependent regulation of somatostatin receptor subtype expression in the 7315b prolactin secreting rat pituitary tumor in vitro and in vivo

In the present study, we have investigated the role of estrogens in the regulation of somatostatin receptor subtype (sst) expression in 7315b PRL- secreting rat pituitary tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. sst were undetectable in freshly dispersed cells of the transplantable 7315b tumor. When 7315b cells were cultured in medium containing 10% FCS, the number of high affinity sst increased with prolonged culture time. However, when the medium was supplemented with 10% horse serum (HS) instead of FCS, no sst were detectable on 7315b cells even after three weeks of culturing. In contrast to HS, FCS contains high E2-levels (HS, 8 pM; FCS, 134 pM). The antiestrogen tamoxifen (0.5 μM) significantly inhibited the sst number to 50.5% of the value of untreated FCS-grown cells, suggesting that E2 stimulates sst expression in 7315b rat pituitary tumor cells. E2 (l0 nM) induced a rapid increase in sst number in HS-grown 7315b cells. Octreotide (1μM) significantly inhibited PRL release and the intracellular PRL concentration of 7315b cells that were cultured in medium supplemented with FCS or with HS + l0 nM E2 but not in HS alone. This indicates that the sst present on these cells are biologically active. RT-PCR analysis revealed that none of the five currently known sst subtypes were present in freshly dispersed 7315b pituitary tumor cells. The expression of sst2- and sst3- messenger RNA (mRNA) was unequivocally correlated to the presence of E2 because these sst subtypes were detected only in cells that were cultured for7 and 14 days in medium supplemented with FCS or with HS + 10 nM E2. sst1, sst4 and sst5 messenger RNA could not be detected. The 7315b tumor itself synthesizes and secretes huge amounts of PRL. The high PRL levels in tumor-bearing rats inhibit the ovarian E2-production. No detectable E2 levels could be measured in the serum of 7315b tumor-bearing rats. The sc administration of 20 μg/day E2-benzoate normalized the circulating E2 levels in 7315b tumor- bearing rats. Moreover, E2-treatment indeed induced sst expression in vivo as shown by ligand binding studies using membrane homogenates and [125I- Tyr3]-octreotide as radioligand and by autoradiography on tissue sections. In agreement with the in vitro studies, the expression of the sst2 subtype was established by RT-PCR analysis in 7315b tumors of E2-treated rats. However, in contrast to the in vitro studies. E2-treatment did not effectuate the expression of the sst3 subtype, suggesting that the in vitro stimulus of E2 is stronger. In conclusion: 1) sst2 and sst3 expression in the 7315b rat prolactinoma model is primarily dependent upon the presence of estrogens; 2) the antihormonal action of octreotide in 7315b tumor cells in vitro is mediated via the sst2 and/or sst3 subtypes; 3) the absence of sst expression in vivo can be explained by the hormonal environment of the 7315b tumor cells. The 7315b tumor cells in vivo may down-regulate their own receptor status via their host, because of the ensuing hyperprolactinemia results in a hypo-estrogenic state.</p

In vitro characterization of somatostatin receptors in the human thymus and effects of somatostatin and octreotide on cultured thymic epithelial cells

Somatostatin (SS) and its analogs exert inhibitory effects on secretive and proliferative processes of various cells via high affinity SS receptors (SS-R). SS analogs bind with different affinity to the five cloned SS-R subtypes. Octreotide, an octapeptide SS analog, binds with high affinity to the SS-R subtype 2 (sst2). SS-R have been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro on cells from endocrine and immune systems. Among the lymphatic tissues, the thymus has been shown to contain the highest amount of SS, suggesting a local functional role of the peptide. We investigated the SS distribution and SS-R expression pattern in the normal human thymus using autoradiography, membrane homogenate binding studies, and RT-PCR. In addition, the effect of SS and octreotide on growth of cultured thymic epithelial cells (TEC) was studied. By autoradiography, binding of [125I-Tyr0]-SS-28 and [125I-Tyr3]-octreotide was detected in all seven thymuses studied. Specific [125I-Tyr3]-octreotide binding was shown on membrane preparations from thymuses, while not from cultured thymocytes. RT-PCR showed the expression of sst1, sst2A and sst3 messenger RNA (mRNA) in the thymic tissue, whereas sst1 and sst2A mRNAs were found in isolated TEC. SS mRNA was present in thymic tissue and in isolated TEC. SS and octreotide significantly inhibited 3H-thymidine incorporation in 3 of 3 and 6 of 6 TEC cultures, respectively. The percent inhibition ranged from 38.8 to 66.8% for SS and from 19.1 to 59.5% for octreotide. In conclusion, SS mRNA and sst1, sst2A, and sst3 mRNAs are expressed in the normal human thymus. Cultured TEC selectively express sst1 and sst2A mRNA and respond in vitro to SS and octreotide administration with an inhibition of cell proliferation. These data suggest a paracrine/autocrine role of SS and its receptors in the regulation of cell growth in thymic microenviron