A abstração do corpo : a representação como meio de atribuição de personalidade jurídica à consciência artificial

Esta monografia tem como objetivo apresentar uma resposta sobre a compatibilidade entre a personalidade jurídica enquanto estrutura simbólica e a representação geral da Inteligência Artificial, para identificar de que modo os entes artificialmente inteligentes integrarão a sociedade. Formulou-se hipótese, então, da atribuição da personalidade jurídica ao ente dotado de Inteligência Artificial que desenvolve consciência, identificando-se a sua consequência jurídica através de sua submissão ao teste dialético. O método empregado para testagem da hipótese foi o hipotético-dedutivo, com a utilização da técnica da pesquisa bibliográfica. Na primeira parte, identificaram-se os fundamentos históricos, jurídicos e filosóficos na construção do instituto da personalidade jurídica. Concluiu-se que ao se definir pessoa como o sujeito a quem se podem imputar ações e como coisa aquilo para o qual nada pode ser imputado – residindo, então, a diferença entre pessoa e coisa na possibilidade de imputação de atos de escolha –, identificou-se que a personalidade é uma estrutura composta por níveis por meio dos quais a liberdade em seu sentido positivo é reificada em seu estado negativo e devido à qual é possível a imputação de ações, em sentido amplo, em conformidade com representações, para as quais é essencial a abstração do corpo na criação personalidade jurídica enquanto símbolo. Na segunda parte, identificaram-se o desenvolvimento histórico, a definição, as características e a normatividade da Inteligência Artificial. Concluiu-se que se trata de gênero que abarca diferentes espécies de técnicas, as quais são utilizadas para propósitos distintos. Assim, a depender da espécie, a comunidade moral terá de debater qual valor orientará a normatização jurídica das próximas gerações. Na terceira parte, foi realizado teste pragmático a fim de identificar as consequências jurídicas da atribuição da personalidade jurídica ao ente artificialmente inteligente dotado de consciência. Concluiu-se que o emprego do princípio da superveniência formulado por Robert Alexy é compatível com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Por isso, podem-se desvencilhar os institutos jurídicos de humano e pessoa. Portanto, pode ser atribuída personalidade jurídica ao ente consciente dotado de Inteligência Artificial pela abstração do corpo.The purpose of this undergraduate thesis is to provide an answer on the compatibility between legal personality as a symbolic structure and general representation of Artificial Intelligence, to identify how artificially intelligent beings will integrate society. Thus, the hypothesis that was established was the attribution of the legal personality to the entity endowed with Artificial Intelligence that develops awareness, which was subjected to the dialectic test to assess its legal consequence. The method used to test the hypothesis was hypothetical-deductive, using the technique of bibliographic research. In the first part, the historical, legal and philosophical foundations in the construction of the institute of legal personality were identified. It was concluded that when defining person as the subject to whom actions can be imputed and as thing for which nothing can be imputed, the difference between person and thing is identified in the possibility of imputing acts of choice. Thus, personality is a structure composed of levels through which freedom in its positive state is reified in its negative state and due to which it is possible to impute actions, in a broad sense, in accordance with representations, for which the abstraction of the body is essential in creating legal personality as a symbol. In the second part, the historical development, definition, characteristics and normativity of Artificial Intelligence were identified. It was concluded that Artificial Intelligence is a genre that embraces different kinds of techniques, which are used for different purposes. Thus, depending on its species, the moral community will have to debate which value will guide the legal standardization for the next generations. In the third part, a pragmatic test was carried out in order to identify the legal consequences of the attribution of legal personality to the artificially intelligent being endowed with conscience. It was concluded that the use of the principle of supervenience formulated by Robert Alexy is compatible with the Brazilian legal system. For this reason, the legal institutes of human and person can be disengaged. Therefore, legal personality can be attributed to the conscious being endowed with Artificial Intelligence by the abstraction of the body

Kidney and Cardiovascular Effects of Canagliflozin According to Age and Sex: A Post Hoc Analysis of the CREDENCE Randomized Clinical Trial

Rationale & Objective: It is unclear whether the effect of canagliflozin on adverse kidney and cardiovascular events in those with diabetic kid-ney disease varies by age and sex. We assessed the effects of canagliflozin among age group categories and between sexes in the Canagli-flozin and Renal Endpoints in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) study.Study Design: Secondary analysis of a random-ized controlled trial. Setting & Participants: Participants in the CREDENCE trial. Intervention: Participants were randomly assigned to receive canagliflozin 100 mg/d or placebo.Outcomes: Primary composite outcome of kid-ney failure, doubling of serum creatinine con-centration, or death due to kidney or cardiovascular disease. Prespecified secondary and safety outcomes were also analyzed. Out-comes were evaluated by age at baseline (<60, 60-69, and >_70 years) and sex in the intention-to-treat population using Cox regression models.Results: The mean age of the cohort was 63.0 & PLUSMN; 9.2 years, and 34% were female. Older age and female sex were independently associ-ated with a lower risk of the composite of adverse kidney outcomes. There was no evidence that the effect of canagliflozin on the primary outcome (acomposite of kidney failure, a doubling of serum creatinine concentration, or death from kidney or cardiovascular causes) differed between age groups (HRs, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.52-0.87], 0.63 [0.4 8-0.82], and 0.89 [0.61-1.29] for ages <60, 60-69, and >_70 years, respectively; P = 0.3 for interaction) or sexes (HRs, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.5 4-0.95] and 0.69 [0.56-0.8 4] in women and men, respectively; P = 0.8 for interaction). No differences in safety outcomes by age group or sex were observed.Limitations: This was a post hoc analysis with multiple comparisons.Conclusions: Canagliflozin consistently reduced the relative risk of kidney events in people with diabetic kidney disease in both sexes and across age subgroups. As a result of greater background risk, the absolute reduction in adverse kidney outcomes was greater in younger participants.Funding: This post hoc analysis of the CREDENCE trial was not funded. The CREDENCE study was sponsored by Janssen Research and Development and was conducted collaboratively by the sponsor, an academic-led steering committee, and an academic research organization, George Clinical.Trial Registration: The original CREDENCE trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with study number NCT02065791