Ricezione dei classici. Introduzione

A me pare che anche negli altri paesi europei chiunque non può sollevarsi alla lettura d’Omero originale, debba nella traduzione italiana prenderne il meglio possibile di conoscenza e di piacere. Questo autorevole e noto giudizio di Madame De Staël sull’Iliade di Vincenzo Monti, contiene due spunti di riflessione che possono rivelarsi suggestivi per introdurre il tema delle traduzioni dei classici nel Cinquecento cui è dedicata la sezione tematica di questo numero di Italique. Innanzitutto, d..

Avant-propos

Le 29 novembre 2013, s’est tenue à l’Université Savoie Mont Blanc la journée d’études « Homère en Europe à la Renaissance. Traductions et réécritures », organisée par Silvia D’Amico dans le cadre du laboratoire LLSETI. Cet avant-propos présente les différentes interventions et réflexions de cette journée, tout en s’inscrivant dans un projet plus vaste qui vise à réunir un corpus numérique des traductions de l’Iliade et de l’Odyssée. Ce corpus veut être un outil efficace pour étudier les poétiques de la Renaissance dans les différentes langues vernaculaires à travers le point de vue de la lecture d’Homère, toujours riche de conséquences théoriques et esthétiques

Lire les classiques à la Renaissance entre l’Italie et la France : quelques notes sur Homère

Les traductions latines de l’Iliade et de l’Odyssée visent à réaliser le rêve humaniste de lire Homère en hexamètres virgiliens, ce qui oriente d’une manière décisive la réception d’Homère à la Renaissance. Les traductions italiennes, notamment celle de Lodovico Dolce, reflètent en revanche les choix des éditeurs qui calquent les traductions des classiques sur les éditions à succès du Roland furieux. L’analyse de quelque passage de l’Ulisse de Lodovico Dolce montre à quel point le style de l’Arioste peut modifier le texte d’Homère. Les premiers traducteurs français, n’ayant pas de modèles imposants en langue vernaculaire, traduisent Homère avec plus de fidélité, mais restent encore à évaluer les interférences réciproques entre les poètes épiques du XVIe siècle et les traducteurs d’Homère

La fortuna del Filocolo in Francia nel secolo XVI

Questo «rabbuffamento» al Boccaccio, come ebbe a definirlo, divertito, il Doni in una lettera del 1544, è contenuto nei Paradossi di Ortensio Lando, opera originale per gli argomenti provocatori e controcorrente, pubblicata a Lione nel 1543. Nel loro esibito anticonformismo, i Paradossi si rivelano in realtà uno specchio fedele e prezioso della doxa letteraria del loro tempo e confermano quello che è un dato di partenza indiscutibile per la ricognizione della fortuna del Filocolo in Francia n..

Mid and long-term ecological impacts of ski run construction on alpine ecosystems

The proliferation of ski run construction is a worldwide trend. The machine-grading of slopes involved during ski run construction changes the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, having significant long-term ecological impact on the environment. Establishing and developing plant communities in these affected areas is crucial in rehabilitating the biotic and abiotic soil environment, while also improving slope stability and reducing the risk of natural hazards. This study evaluates changes in plant-soil properties and the long-term effects of machine-grading and subsequent restoration of ski runs so as to contribute to formulating the best practices in future ski run constructions. Study plots were established in 2000 and re-surveyed in 2017 on ski runs, which had been machine-graded and hydroseeded in the 1990s. Vegetation, root trait and soil surveys were carried out on ski run plots and compared to paired, undisturbed control sites off the ski runs. Plant cover remained unchanged on the ski-runs over time but plant richness and diversity considerably increased, reaching similar levels to undisturbed vegetation. Plant composition moved towards more semi-natural stages, showing a reduction in seeded plants with a comparable increase in the cover of colonizing native species. Root trait results were site-specific showing great variations between the mid and long-term after-effects of machine-grading and revegetation when compared to undisturbed sites. Under long-term management, the soil pH was still higher and the organic C content still lower in the ski runs than in the undisturbed sites, as the aggregate stability. The standard actions applied (machine-grading, storage and re-use of topsoil, hydroseeding of commercial seed mixtures, application of manure soon after seeding and low-intensity grazing) allowed the ecosystem to partially recover in three decades, and even if the soil has still a lower chemical and physical fertility than the undisturbed sites, the plant species composition reveals a satisfactory degree of renaturalization

Polyphenol and Tannin Nutraceuticals and Their Metabolites: How the Human Gut Microbiota Influences Their Properties

Nutraceuticals have been receiving increasing attention in the last few years due to their potential role as adjuvants against non-communicable chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, etc.). However, a limited number of studies have been performed to evaluate the bioavailability of such compounds, and it is generally reported that a substantial elevation of their plasma concentration can only be achieved when they are consumed at pharmacological levels. Even so, positive effects have been reported associated with an average dietary consumption of several nutraceutical classes, meaning that the primary compound might not be solely responsible for all the biological effects. The in vivo activities of such biomolecules might be carried out by metabolites derived from gut microbiota fermentative transformation. This review discusses the structure and properties of phenolic nutraceuticals (i.e., polyphenols and tannins) and the putative role of the human gut microbiota in influencing the beneficial effects of such compounds

The gut microbiome of Baka forager-horticulturalists from Cameroon is optimized for wild plant foods

The human gut microbiome is losing biodiversity, due to the "microbiome modernization process" that occurs with urbanization. To keep track of it, here we applied shotgun metagenomics to the gut micro- biome of the Baka, a group of forager-horticulturalists from Cameroon, who combine hunting and gathering with growing a few crops and working for neighboring Bantu-speaking farmers. We analyzed the gut microbiome of individuals with different access to and use of wild plant and processed foods, to explore the variation of their gut microbiome along the cline from hunter-gatherer to agricultural subsis- tence patterns. We found that 26 species-level genome bins from our cohort were pivotal for the degra- dation of the wild plant food substrates. These microbes include Old Friend species and are encoded for genes that are no longer present in industrialized gut microbiome. Our results highlight the potential relevance of these genes to human biology and health, in relation to lifestyle

Iron deficiency anemia-related gut microbiota dysbiosis in infants and young children: A pilot study

Nutritional iron deficiency (ID) causes not only anemia but also malfunction of the entire human organism. Recently, a role of the gut microbiota has been hypothesized, but limited data are available especially in infants. Here, we performed a pilot study to explore the gut microbiota in 10 patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and 10 healthy controls aged 6–34 months. Fresh stool samples were collected from diapers, and the fecal microbiota was profiled by next-generation sequencing of the V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Except for diet diversity, the breastfeeding status at the enrollment, the exclusive breastfeeding duration, and the introduction of complementary foods did not differ between groups. Distinct microbial signatures were found in IDA patients, with increased relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae (mean relative abundance, patients vs. controls, 4.4% vs. 3.0%) and Veillonellaceae (13.7% vs. 3.6%), and reduced abundance of Coriobacteriaceae (3.5% vs. 8.8%) compared to healthy controls. A decreased Bifidobacteriaceae/Enterobacteriaceae ratio was observed in IDA patients. Notwithstanding the low sample size, our data highlight microbiota dysbalance in IDA worth for further investigations, aimed at unraveling the ID impact on the microbiome trajectory in early life, and the possible long-term consequences

GREASE II. A phase II randomized, 12-month, parallel-group, superiority study to evaluate the efficacy of a Modified Atkins Diet in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease patients

Introduction Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a condition that causes progressive renal function decline. Preclinical data suggest the presence of a profound metabolic derangement in ADPKD. Cystic cells shift their energy metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, show inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and become glutamine and arginine dependent. Recent preclinical experiences have suggested beneficial effect in terms of reduction of cystic size, interstitial fibrosis and disease progression, targeting these deregulated metabolic pathways by ketosis induction. The dietetic approach to ADPKD, because of low cost and absence of toxicity, represents an interesting therapeutic strategy. Methods and analysis The protocol describes a phase II clinical trial that will evaluate the effect on Total Kidney Volume, safety and tolerability of a ketogenic diet in a selected ADPKD population. The trial will have, as secondary objective, the evaluation of the ability of the ketogenic diet to slow down the renal function decline. This will be a 12-month randomized, parallel group, two arm, superiority trial with 1:1 allocation to evaluate the efficacy of a Modified Atkins Diet protocol compared to a balanced normocaloric diet on 90 ADPKD patients. Dissemination The study results will be released to the patients and the medical community

Targeting the antigen processing and presentation pathway to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint therapy

Despite the significant clinical advances with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in a wide range of cancer patients, response rates to the therapy are variable and do not always result in long-term tumor regression. The development of ICI-resistant disease is one of the pressing issue in clinical oncology, and the identification of new targets and combination therapies is a crucial point to improve response rates and duration. Antigen processing and presentation (APP) pathway is a key element for an efficient response to ICI therapy. Indeed, malignancies that do not express tumor antigens are typically poor infiltrated by T cells and unresponsive to ICIs. Therefore, improving tumor immunogenicity potentially increases the success rate of ICI therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the key elements of the APP machinery that can be exploited to enhance tumor immunogenicity and increase the efficacy of ICI-based immunotherapy