Review of particle physics

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,062 new measurements from 721 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 117 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including those on Pentaquarks and Inflation. The complete Review is published online in a journal and on the website of the Particle Data Group (http://pdg.lbl.gov). The printed PDG Book contains the Summary Tables and all review articles but no longer includes the detailed tables from the Particle Listings. A Booklet with the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the review articles is also available

Review of Particle Physics

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,143 new measurements from 709 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Machine Learning, and one on Spectroscopy of Light Meson Resonances. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings

The amino acid sequence of the insulin receptor is normal in an insulin-resistant Pima Indian

Insulin resistance is an early predictor of development of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in Pima Indians, a population with the highest reported prevalence of NIDDM. The insulin receptor plays a central role in mediating insulin action, and previous studies have demonstrated that mutations in the insulin receptor gene may cause insulin resistance. Therefore, we have cloned the insulin receptor cDNA from an insulin-resistant Pima Indian to determine if there is a mutation in the patient\u27s insulin receptor gene. We obtained nine cDNA clones spanning exons 4-10 and 12-22 of the patient\u27s insulin receptor gene. Polymorphisms in the nucleotide sequences for codons 523 (Ala), 1058 (His), and 1062 (Leu) provided useful markers to differentiate the patient\u27s two alleles of the insulin receptor gene. These substitutions were silent, in that they did not alter the predicted amino acid sequence. The sequence of exons 1-3 and 11 was determined directly from genomic DNA that had been amplified using the polymerase chain reaction catalyzed by Taq DNA polymerase. Other investigators have reported defects in insulin binding and insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in diabetic Pima Indians. However, we did not detect any mutations in this patient\u27s insulin receptor gene. Thus, these observations are consistent with the interpretation that the defects in insulin receptor function are acquired rather than derived from defects in the primary structure of the receptor

Imparfinis mishky (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) a new species from the r\uedos Paran\ue1 and Uruguay basins in Argentina

Volume: 114Start Page: 817End Page: 82

Laser Doppler Flowmetry in non-human primate stroke studies: Model refinement for pre-clinical development of cerebroprotective strategies

Background. Safety, feasibility, and efficacy trials in non-human primate stroke models are essential to the evaluation of experimental therapies and their translation to humans. Although Laser Doppler Flowmetry has been successfully employed in rodent stroke to continuously monitor cerebral blood flow, it has not been applied in primate studies. This investigation examined the utility of Laser Doppler Flowmetry in refining an existing baboon model of cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion. Method. Continuous Laser Doppler Flowmetry monitoring was used, in non-human primates, to document local cerebral blood flow before, during, and after middle cerebral artery territory occlusion. In each baboon (n = 7) a single Doppler probe was placed into the left frontal cortex through a precoronal burr hole. Correlations between Laser Doppler Flowmetry values and latencies to Motor Evoked Potential dropout were compared using a linear regression model. Findings. Placement of the Laser Doppler probe was easily accomplished in all animals. Laser Doppler Flowmetry tracings accurately documented blood flow changes that occurred with each technical manipulation during the procedure. Laser Doppler confirmed decreased perfusion that coincided both regionally and temporally with vessel occlusion. Depth of ischemia as measured by Laser Doppler Flowmetry was associated with Motor Evoked Potential dropout latencies for individual animals. Conclusions. Continuous, single probe Laser Doppler Flowmetry is a reliable method of documenting perfusion changes following middle cerebral artery territory occlusion in a baboon model of reperfused stroke. This advanced intraoperative monitoring technique may lead to more accurate evaluation of acute stroke therapies in pre-clinical trials