Cooperação e autonomia : jogando em grupo e que se aprende

Orientador: João Batista FreireDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação FisicaResumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a contribuição que podem dar os jogos em grupo para uma prática pedagógica que esteja direcionada à construção da atitude cooperativa e da moral autônoma pelos alunos. O trabalho contém basicamente duas partes. A primeira denominada "a revelação de uma intenção" busca, por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica, responder a duas questões que nos fornecem subsídios teóricos para se trabalhar com os jogos em grupo na perspectiva de uma prática cooperativa. No primeiro capítulo a questão "por que educar para a cooperação?" nos abre um espaço para justificar a importância de se trabalhar com os conteúdos atitudinais na escola e acena com a co-operação como o procedimento mais fértil para uma educação moral autônoma. O segundo capítulo, centrado na questão "onde educar para a cooperação?", nos obriga a pensar no espaço de ação ideal para uma prática cooperativa entre os alunos e o professor durante as aulas de Educação Motora. Na segunda parte do trabalho, denominada "a proposição de uma ação", centramos nossos olhares na construção de uma proposta concreta de ação para o professor de Educação Motora que esteja disposto a educar para a cooperação através dos jogos. No terceiro capítulo, antes de pensarmos no "como fazer" investigamos o "como tem sido feito". Por meio da observação de crianças jogando nas aulas de Educação Física, analisamos alguns aspectos referentes à qualidade das relações que são estabelecidas entre as crianças e como o professor interfere no espaço do jogo para encaminhar as situações de conflito e confronto entre os alunos. Finalmente, no quarto capítulo com base na análise dos dados coletados, nos arriscamos a elaborar aquilo que chamamos de um "guia de intervenção qualificada" para a educação da atitude cooperativa através dos jogos. Respondendo à pergunta "como educar para a cooperação?", selecionamos alguns princípios pedagógicos que devem fazer parte de um programa de ensino que vislumbre fazer da Educação Motora e do jogo, um espaço de possível ajuda para a construção da atitude cooperativa e da moralidade autônomaAbstract: The main objective of this work is to analyze the contribution that games in group can eventually render to a pedagogical practice, which is directed to the construction of a cooperative attitude and moral autonomy of the students. The work contains basically two parts. The first, entitled "The revelation of an intention" tries, by means of a bibliographical revision, to answer two questions that supply theorical subsidies to work with games in group within the perspective of a cooperative practice. In the first chapter, the question "why educate for cooperation?¿ opens a space to justify the importance given when working with attitude contents in school, and visualizes cooperation as being the most fertile procedure when considering moral autonomy education. The second chapter, centered in the question "where to educate focusing on cooperation?" makes us think about the ideal action space for a cooperative practice among students and teacher during Motor Education classes. During the second part of the work, which was called "the proposition of an action", we centered our attention on the construction of a concrete action proposal for the teacher of Motor Education who is willing to educate towards cooperation by means of games. In the third chapter, before thinking about the "how to do", we investigated the "how it is done". After having observed children playing during Physical Education classes, we analyzed some aspects concerning the quality of the relationship established among the children and how the teacher interferes within the game space and is able to forward the conflict and confrontation situations among the students. Finally, in the fourth chapter based on the analysis of the collected data, we took the risk to precisely elaborate what we denominated as being" a qualified intervention guide", based on the education of cooperative attitude by means of games. Answering the question "how to educate for cooperation?" some basic pedagogical principles were selected and we strongly believe they must be part of a teaching program which should be focused on making Motor Education and Games, a space of possible and reliable assistance towards the construction of cooperative attitude and autonomous moralityMestradoEducação MotoraMestre em Educação Físic

Evaluation of a didactic sequence on the program sport workshops with children from 8 to 11 years old

Projetos desenvolvidos por ONGs utilizam a bandeira do esporte educacional e acenam com a educação voltada para a transformação social. O que realmente se aprende nos programas de esporte com enfoque socioeducativo? Este estudo, caracterizado como pesquisa qualitativa de natureza descritiva, investigou as repercussões de um programa de educação esportiva, chamado de Oficinas do Esporte, sobre a aprendizagem dos alunos. Definimos como objetivos analisar o conhecimento construído pelas crianças durante o período de realização de uma sequência didática (SD) na temática dos jogos de arremesso e as possíveis relações entre o método de ensino e os resultados de aprendizagem. Participaram do estudo 11 sujeitos, entre 8 e 11 anos de idade, durante 28 aulas, duas vezes por semana, em um período de 4 meses. A professora recebeu formação e é considerada experiente no desenvolvimento das aulas do programa. O método utilizado foi a observação, na perspectiva do observador como participante. A aplicação de instrumentos de pesquisa e avaliação com foco na aprendizagem (questionário, entrevista semiestruturada, grupo focal e vídeo) e no ensino (sequência didática) permitiu às crianças que expressassem seus saberes através das linguagens escrita, falada e corporal. Analisamos e discutimos os resultados com base na relação observada entre os conteúdos revelados pelos alunos e as expectativas de aprendizagem do programa. Os resultados, organizados em três núcleos de significado, nos permitem argumentar a favor do esporte educacional. No primeiro núcleo evidenciam-se indicadores que nos levaram a validar o pressuposto de que o processo de sistematização do programa, via SD, contribuiu decisivamente para que as aulas pudessem repercutir na aprendizagem integral das crianças. No segundo núcleo, quando analisamos o ciclo de ensino e aprendizagem que envolve as chamadas fases de intenção, intervenção e indiciação, observamos conexão entre as expectativas declaradas na SD e as aprendizagens construídas nas dimensões conceitual, procedimental e atitudinal. As crianças conheceram novos jogos, aprenderam mais sobre a sua estrutura e o seu funcionamento, melhoraram sua habilidade de arremessar e evoluíram nas atitudes de participação e convivência. O terceiro núcleo revela resultados que reforçam nosso ideal e nos inspiram a valorizar o esporte como um conteúdo que pode mobilizar, através da aprendizagem significativa e dos processos de abstração, a integração entre o fazer e o compreender. O método de ensino e as orientações didáticas utilizadas nas aulas, que se efetivam em palavras-chave como participação, construção coletiva, interação, conflito, significado, ajuda ajustada e experimentação, são pontos fortes da pedagogia empreendida nas Oficinas do Esporte. Consideramos que este estudo, além de contribuir para qualificar internamente o programa, poderá iluminar e motivar a sistematização de processos avaliativos de outros empreendimentos de esporte educacional oferecidos nos contextos formal e não formal de ensino. Finalmente, a preocupação com a validade ecológica e a não fragmentação de temas de investigação nas pesquisas educacionais, constituíram-se em aspectos norteadores do estudoProjects developed by NGOs support educational sport and consider education facing social changings. What is really learnt on sport programs with a socio-educational focus? This study, characterized as a qualitative research and descriptive nature, investigated the consequences of a sport education program called Sport Workshops, about the students\' apprenticeship. We defined as objectives to analyze the knowledge built by the children, throughout the time they are carrying out a didactic sequence (DS) in throwing games, and the possible connections between the teaching method and learning results. Eleven individuals from 8 to 11 years old took part in the study at 28 classes twice a week, for 4 months. The teacher was trained and she is considered experienced on the development of the program classes. The used method was observation, considering the observer as a participant. The application of the research and evaluation tools that focus learning (questionnaire, semi-structured interview, focal group and video) and teaching (didactic sequence) allowed the children to express their knowledge through writing, speaking and body language. We analyzed and discussed the results based on the observed connection between the contents demonstrated by the students and the learning expectancy of the program. The results, organized in three centers of meaning, allow us to speak in favor of educational sport. On the first center, there were evident indicators leading us to validate the assumption that the program systematizing process, through DS, decisively contributed to children integral apprenticeship. On the second center, when we analyzed the teaching and learning cycle, involving the intention, intervention and evidences, we note a connection between the expectancies declared on DS and the apprenticeship built on conceptual, procedural and attitudinal contexts. The children experienced new games, learned more about their structure and operation, improved their throwing skills and developed their attitudes in participating and being together. The third center demonstrates results that strengthen our ideal, also inspire us to consider sport as a content that promotes connection between doing and understanding, through a meaningful apprenticeship and abstraction processes. The teaching method and didactic guideline used during the classes, achieved by key-processes like participation, collective work, interaction, conflict, meaning, and adjusted help and experiencing, are strong points of the pedagogy concerning to Sport Workshops. We consider that this study may highlight and motivate the systematization of evaluating processes in other educational sport actions, besides contribute to the internal qualification of the program. Finally, the concern about ecological validity and non-fragmentation of themes on educational researches were guiding aspects of this stud

Strategies and performance of the CMS silicon tracker alignment during LHC Run 2

The strategies for and the performance of the CMS silicon tracking system alignment during the 2015–2018 data-taking period of the LHC are described. The alignment procedures during and after data taking are explained. Alignment scenarios are also derived for use in the simulation of the detector response. Systematic effects, related to intrinsic symmetries of the alignment task or to external constraints, are discussed and illustrated for different scenarios

Precision measurement of the structure of the CMS inner tracking system using nuclear interactions

The structure of the CMS inner tracking system has been studied using nuclear interactions of hadrons striking its material. Data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded in 2015 at the LHC are used to reconstruct millions of secondary vertices from these nuclear interactions. Precise positions of the beam pipe and the inner tracking system elements, such as the pixel detector support tube, and barrel pixel detector inner shield and support rails, are determined using these vertices. These measurements are important for detector simulations, detector upgrades, and to identify any changes in the positions of inactive elements

Precision measurement of the structure of the CMS inner tracking system using nuclear interactions

The structure of the CMS inner tracking system has been studied using nuclear interactions of hadrons striking its material. Data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded in 2015 at the LHC are used to reconstruct millions of secondary vertices from these nuclear interactions. Precise positions of the beam pipe and the inner tracking system elements, such as the pixel detector support tube, and barrel pixel detector inner shield and support rails, are determined using these vertices. These measurements are important for detector simulations, detector upgrades, and to identify any changes in the positions of inactive elements

Description and performance of track and primary-vertex reconstruction with the CMS tracker

A description is provided of the software algorithms developed for the CMS tracker both for reconstructing charged-particle trajectories in proton-proton interactions and for using the resulting tracks to estimate the positions of the LHC luminous region and individual primary-interaction vertices. Despite the very hostile environment at the LHC, the performance obtained with these algorithms is found to be excellent. For tbar t events under typical 2011 pileup conditions, the average track-reconstruction efficiency for promptly-produced charged particles with transverse momenta of p(T) > 0.9GeV is 94% for pseudorapidities of |η| < 0.9 and 85% for 0.9 < |η| < 2.5. The inefficiency is caused mainly by hadrons that undergo nuclear interactions in the tracker material. For isolated muons, the corresponding efficiencies are essentially 100%. For isolated muons of p(T) = 100GeV emitted at |η| < 1.4, the resolutions are approximately 2.8% in p(T), and respectively, 10μm and 30μm in the transverse and longitudinal impact parameters. The position resolution achieved for reconstructed primary vertices that correspond to interesting pp collisions is 10–12μm in each of the three spatial dimensions. The tracking and vertexing software is fast and flexible, and easily adaptable to other functions, such as fast tracking for the trigger, or dedicated tracking for electrons that takes into account bremsstrahlung