The making of a famous nineteenth century neurologist: Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893)

The setting of this thesis is the medical world of Paris in the second half of the nineteenth century. This essay answers the question of how Jean-Martin Charcot became famous. In placing Charcot s career in its historical context, it provides an analysis of the strategies used by him to ensure his status as one of the most famous French physicians of the latter half of the nineteenth century. It presents a study of two important chapters of the history of French academic medicine, placing both in the conceptual framework of the transition between knowledge and power. It discusses the youth and early careers of Charcot and his medical ally Alfred Vulpian (1826-1887). It analyses the increasing influence of the members of the Societe de Biologie' in the medical world of Paris, suggesting that the Society served as a forum for young ambitious physicians such as Charcot who wanted French medicine to be reformed into a bonafide science. It shows that when the take over by the members of the "Societe de Biologie" of the Medical Faculty of Paris was completed by the mid 1870's, conflicting individual aspirations started to surface and cause profound divisions in the previously cohesive group. It analyses how Charcot was able to successfully break ahead of many of his colleagues. It shows Charcot at the zenith of his fame during the 1880's. Finally Charcot s rapid decline in the early 1890's is reviewed. In summary, this thesis analyses how Charcot, due to the successful scientific reform of French medicine, was able to become one of the most famous physicians of the nineteenth century

Opothérapie : émergence et développement d’une technique thérapeutique (France, 1889-1940)

Launched by a communication from the famous Professor Brown-Sequard in 1889 on the effects of self-injection of testicular juice, organotherapy – a technique of care using the juice of glands – falls within a long tradition of animal medication. Publications of doctors and pharmacists have allowed us to establish how the new treatment is part of the landscape of medicine that became more scientific at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Opotherapy/Organotherapy, whose development depends on the development of knowledge on the endocrine glands, develops through therapeutic successes in thyroid and gynecological diseases and by making pharmaceuticals produced by industrializing pharmacists which provided medication in a form that eliminates a medical procedure, available to the public. Organotherapy, which stands out from hormone therapy by the use of natural misidentified drugs that have generated a great number of debates on their composition and mode of action, will know its greatest development around the First World War and will persist despite the development of hormone therapy based on synthetic molecules until the 1990s.Lancée par une communication du célèbre professeur Brown-Séquard en 1889 sur les effets de l’auto injection d’un suc testiculaire, l’opothérapie – technique de soin par le suc de glandes – s’inscrit dans la ligne d’une longue tradition de médication animale. Les publications de médecins et de pharmaciens nous ont permis d’établir comment cette nouvelle thérapeutique s’inscrit dans le paysage d’une médecine qui se scientifise au tournant du XIXe-XXe siècles. L’opothérapie, dont le développement est tributaire de l’évolution des connaissances sur les glandes endocrines, se développera grâce aux succès thérapeutiques enregistrés dans les affections thyroïdiennes et gynécologiques et grâce à la mise à la disposition du public de spécialités issues d’une pharmacie qui s’industrialise et qui fournit une médication sous une forme qui permet de s’affranchir d’un geste médical. L’opothérapie, qui se démarque de l’hormonothérapie par l’usage d’objets thérapeutiques naturels mal identifiés qui ont suscité de nombreux débats sur leur composition et leur mode d’action, connaitra son plus grand développement aux alentours de la Première guerre mondiale et persistera, malgré le développement de l’hormonothérapie s’appuyant sur des molécules de synthèse, jusque dans les années 1990

Higiene de los niños : tratado didáctico de enfermedades de niños y su clínica : parte II del Tratado didáctico de pediatría

Parte II del Tratado didáctico de pediatría